Antony Beevor - The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939

The Spanish Civil War (1982)

Inside the British Army (1990)

Crete: the Battle and the Resistance (1991)

Paris After the Liberation (with Artemis Cooper, 1994)

Stalingrad (1998)

Berlin: The Downfall (2002)

The Mystery of Olga Chekhova (2004)

A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 19411945 Edited and translated with Luba Vinogradova (2005)

THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 19361939

Weidenfeld & Nicolson

LONDON

First published in Great Britain in 2006
by Weidenfeld & Nicolson

An earlier version of this book was published by Orbis Publishing Ltd in 1982
under the title The Spanish Civil War

Ocito Ltd 2006

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher.

The right of Antony Beevor to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 1-4295-1201-6

The Orion Publishing Groups policy is to use papers that are natural, renewable and recyclable products and made from wood grown in sustainable forests. The logging and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin.

Weidenfeld & Nicolson

The Orion Publishing Group Ltd
Orion House
5 Upper Saint Martins Lane
London, WC2H 9EA

www.orionbooks.co.uk

For Gonzalo Pontn with all my gratitude for all his help

PART ONE :
Old Spain and the Second Republic

1 Their Most Catholic Majesties

2 Royal Exit

3 The Second Republic

4 The Popular Front

5 The Fatal Paradox

PART TWO:
The War of Two Spains

6 The Rising of the Generals

7 The Struggle for Control

8 The Red Terror

9 The White Terror

10 The Nationalist Zone

11 The Republican Zone

12 The Army of Africa and the Peoples Militias

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSERT I

PART THREE :
The Civil War Becomes International

13 Arms and the Diplomats

14 Sovereign States

15 The Soviet Union and the Spanish Republic

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSERT II

16 The International Brigades and the Soviet Advisers

17 The Battle for Madrid

PART FOUR :
World War by Proxy

18 The Metamorphosis of the War

19 The Battles of the Jarama and Guadalajara

20 The War in the North

21 The Propaganda War and the Intellectuals

PART FIVE :
Internal Tensions

22 The Struggle for Power

23 The Civil War within the Civil War

24 The Battle of Brunete

25 The Beleaguered Republic

26 The War in Aragn

27 The Destruction of the Northern Front and of Republican Idealism

PART SIX :
The Route to Disaster

28 The Battle of Teruel and Francos Victorious Sword

29 Hopes of Peace Destroyed

30 Arriba Espaa!

31 The Battle of the Ebro

32 The Republic in the European Crisis

33 The Fall of Catalonia

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSERT III

34 The Collapse of the Republic

PART SEVEN :
Vae Victis!

35 The New Spain and the Franquist Gulag

36 The Exiles and the Second World War

37 The Unfinished War

38 Lost Causes

Sections of photographs appear on end of the book.

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSERT I :

King Alfonso XIII getting to know his people1

King Alfonso XIII with General Miguel Primo de Rivera2

Crowds celebrating in Madrid, 14 April 1931 2

Lerroux, President Alcal Zamora and Gil Robles, 19343

Civil guards arrest a socialist in Madrid, October 19343

Civil Guards escort their prisoners after the failed revolution in Asturias, October 19343

Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera and fellow Falangists3

Shooting breaks out during the funeral of a civil guard officer suspected of an attempt to kill President Azaa, April 19363

Franco reaches Ceuta from the Canary Islands to take over command of the Army of Africa, 18 July 19361

Carlist volunteers flock to the main square of Pamplona to become General Molas main force, 19 July 19364

Assault guards and anarcho-syndicalist workers of the CNT with a captured field-gun in Barcelona3

POUM militia in the Carlos Marx barracks in Barcelona3

A bandera of the Foreign Legion rounds up villagers during Yages advance north, August 19363

Colonel Varelas troops advance into Toledo, 28 September 19362

Colonel Moscard, Varela and Franco celebrate the relief of the Alczar of Toledo3

Yage, Franco and Serrano Ser3

Luftwaffe pilots with their Heinkel He-45 fighter-bombers3

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSERT II :

Dolores Ibrruri, La Pasionaria, making a speech, 14 October 19362

The captain of a Soviet ship is welcomed by Companys and Antonov-Ovseenko3

Mikhail Koltsov and Roman Karmen in the trenches before Madrid2

The fighting in the Casa de Campo, November 19363

Refugees sheltering in the Madrid metro during an air-raid3

International Brigade troops march through Madrid3

Propaganda photo of a Soviet pilot with his Chato2

Women in Mlaga terrified by a nationalist air raid3

Carliest requets being blessed before going into battle3

Colonel Wolfram von Richthofen with nationalist and Condor Legion officers3 El Campesino making a speech3

Juan Garca Oliver broadcasts an appeal for calm during the May events in Catalonia3

Assault guards brought in to restore order marching through Barcelona, 6 May 19372

General Pozas and communist officers take over the Catalan council of defence, May 19373

Juan Modesto at the Battle of Brunete, July 19372

Republican wounded at Brunete2

PHOTOGRAPHIC INSERT III :

The winter fighting of Teruel, December 19372

An International Brigade officer at Teruel2

Prieto observes the fighting at Teruel2

Condor Legion Stukas with nationalist markings, 19382

Panzer Mark Is advancing3

The nationalists reach the sea at Vinars, 15 April 19382

Condor Legion 88mm anti-aircraft guns, summer 19382

Republican soldiers under bombardment during the Battle of the Ebro2

A republican hospital train behind the Ebro front, summer 19383

General Rojo, Juan Negrn and Lster at a farewell parade for the International Brigades, October 19382

Colonel Casado listens while Julin Besteiro broadcasts the manifesto of the National Council of Defence, March 19395

Republican refugees swarm across the French frontier in the Pyrenees, January 19396

Republican prisoners in the French internment camp of Le Vernet3

Condor Legion standard dipped in salute to Franco at the victory parade, 19 May 19392

The indoctrination of republican orphans3

Hitler and Franco meet at La Hendaye (photo montage), October 19402

The Spanish Blue Division in Russia on the Leningrad front2

1Arxiu Nacional de Catalunya

2Agencia EFE

3Previous edition of The Battle for Spain (The Spanish Civil War)