Charles Euchner - Nobody Turn Me Around: A Peoples History of the 1963 March on Washington

PROLOGUE
The Longest March

PART 1

PART 2

PART 3

PART 4

PART 5

ON A PITCH-BLACK NIGHT , a crescent moon barely visible in the sky, three teenaged boys walked along the gentle slopes of Highland Avenue on the edge of Lookout Mountain, then to U.S. Highway 11, north of their hometown of Gadsden, Alabama.

The oldest, a seventeen-year-old named Frank Thomas, led. The two younger ones, a sixteen-year-old named James Foster Smith and a fifteen-year-old named Robert Avery, walked ten or twenty feet behind. James and Robert tried to stay out of earshot of Frank.

Tall and lean, these boys became men during the summer. They didnt just play football in the street, act in school plays, walk up to the waterfall, or hang out on Sixth Street. They traveled the world, places like New York, Atlanta, and Birmingham. They learned from some of the legendary figures of the civil rights movement, like Julian Bond and John Lewis. They confronted the white supremacist mobs in the Gadsden demonstrations.

Are we really doing this? one of the younger ones said as they trudged along the road. Hes going to turn back, the other answered.

At about ten oclock at night, the teenagers began a journey of 675 miles to the nations capital. They carried a sign reading To Washington or Bust. Now, after midnight, they wondered whether they would really walk to the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the grand finale of the civil rights movement in the sweltering summer of 1963.

Earlier that night, they gathered at Sip Harriss nightclub, one of the regular meeting places of the Gadsden Movement. James and Robert had just gotten home from a two-week trip to New York, where they raised funds for the movement by speaking about their experiences down south. Over Cokes, they told Frank about the famous people they met. Frank missed out on New York. He wanted one last adventure before starting school again.

The March on Washington is coming up, Frank said. Man, I sure would like to go.

Yeah, but we aint got no money, Robert said.

Well, Frank said, I been thinking of hitchhiking. I want to go bad.

Hey, thats a good idea. We could do that.

The conversation continued for a few hours. They debated whether their parents would let them set out on foot for Washington, D.C., without any real plan or money. They talked about how long it might take to walk. They didnt know whether they could hitchhike rides.

Its going to take a long time, Robert said. Thats a long way.

We have to leave now to get there in time, Frank said.

Then they stood up. Someone offered a ride to Jamess house in East Gadsden, then to Roberts house, near another nightclub and church where the civil rights movement gathered. It took a while to persuade Jamess parents, but Roberts mother said yes right away. Then they walked to Franks house and convinced his parents.

Then they walked up the mountain road, at the foot of Lookout Mountain. The road into the mountain begins long and straight, then twists every hundred yards or so on the way up, then straightens out again at the plateau.

Good thing it was dark out and everyone was sleeping. The road to Noccalula Falls was not necessarily the worst part of town for blacks, but no white parts of town were good for blacks in the summer of 1963.

Are we really doing this?

I dont know. I think so.

This fool is joking.

Hes going to turn around.

Frank turned around.

Come on up. Get up.

They passed a big house, set up on the hill on the left side of the road. That was the house where the most notorious killer in Gadsdens history was rumored to live.

They walked a couple hundred more feet. Robert moved out toward the center of the road. Then James moved farther into the road, to Roberts left.

Frank noticed the two drifting.

Wait a minute, he said. We all know where were about to be. This ought to inspire us. We dont need to be afraid. Lets have a prayer.

They approached the spot where a white Baltimore postman named William Moore, resting near a picnic table by the side of the road, was shot dead on April 23. It was on the border of Etoweh and DeKalb counties. Everyone knewor thought they knewthat the killer was the owner of the house the boys just passed.

William Moore was a marine in World War II and a former social worker, a white man who conducted a one-man campaign against racism. He protested a segregated theater in Baltimore and picketed the courthouse of his native town of Binghamton, New York. As a postman, he decided the best way to dramatize injustice was to deliver letters. He marched from Baltimore to the Maryland state capital of Annapolis to deliver a letter to the governor. He marched from Baltimore to Washington to deliver a letter to President John F. Kennedy at the White House, where a guard told him to drop it in the mailbox. Then, in the spring of 1963, Moore decided to march from Chattanooga to Jackson to deliver a letter to Mississippi governor Ross Barnett. The letter asked the governor to be gracious and give more than is immediately demanded of you.