What is the Enlightenment? A period rich with debates on the nature of man, truth and the place of God, with the international circulation of ideas, people and gold. But did the Enlightenment mean the same for men and women, for rich and poor, for Europeans and non-Europeans? In this fourth edition of her acclaimed book, Dorinda Outram addresses these and other questions about the Enlightenment and its place at the foundation of modernity. Studied as a global phenomenon, Outram sets the period against broader social changes, touching on how historical interpretations of the Enlightenment continue to transform in response to contemporary socio-economic trends. Supported by a wide-ranging selection of documents online, this new edition provides an up-to-date overview of the main themes of the period and benefits from an expanded treatment of political economy and imperialism, making it essential reading for students of eighteenth-century history and philosophy.
Dorinda Outram is Clark Professor Emerita of History at the University of Rochester, USA. Her previous publications include Georges Cuvier: Science and Authority in Post-Revolutionary France (1982), Uneasy Careers and Intimate Lives: Women in Science, 17891979 (1987) and The Body and the French Revolution: Sex, Class and Political Culture (1989).
Series editors
T. C. W. Blanning, Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
Brendan Simms, Peterhouse, Cambridge
New Approaches to European History is an important textbook series, which provides concise but authoritative surveys of major themes and problems in European history since the Renaissance. Written at a level and length accessible to advanced school students and undergraduates, each book in the series addresses topics or themes that students of European history encounter daily: the series embraces both some of the more traditional subjects of study and those cultural and social issues to which increasing numbers of school and college courses are devoted. A particular effort is made to consider the wider international implications of the subject under scrutiny.
To aid the student reader, scholarly apparatus and annotation is light, but each work has full supplementary bibliographies and notes for further reading: where appropriate, chronologies, maps, diagrams and other illustrative material are also provided.
For a complete list of titles published in the series, please see: www.cambridge.org/newapproaches
The Enlightenment
Fourth Edition
Dorinda Outram
University of Rochester
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Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781108424660
DOI: 10.1017/9781108341233
First edition Cambridge University Press 1995
Second edition Cambridge University Press 2005
Third edition Dorinda Outram 2013
Fourth edition Dorinda Outram 2019
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1995
Reprinted 9 times
Second edition 2005
Eighth printing 2011
Third edition 2013
Seventh printing 2018
Fourth edition 2019
Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall, 2019
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library .
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Names: Outram, Dorinda, author.
Title: The enlightenment / Dorinda Outram.
Description: [Fourth] edition. | Cambridge, UK; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, [2019] | Series: New approaches to European history | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018061491 | ISBN 9781108424660 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781108440776 (pbk. : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Enlightenment. | EuropeIntellectual life18th century.
Classification: LCC B802 .O98 2019 | DDC 001.1094/09033dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018061491
ISBN 978-1-108-42466-0 Hardback
ISBN 978-1-108-44077-6 Paperback
Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/Outram4ed
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
For Dr L
Contents
Illustrations
Chronology
1686
German Pietist August Francke opens Bible study at Leipzig; Charles, Duke of Lorraine, takes Buda from the Turks
1687
Isaac Newton, Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica
1688
William of Orange ousts James II as King of England
1689
John Locke, Letters on Toleration
1690
John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
1691
New East India Company formed in London
1693
John Locke, Thoughts Concerning Education
1694
Founding of Bank of England; birth of Voltaire
1695
John Locke, The Reasonableness of Christianity
1697
Peter the Great travels to Prussia, Holland, England and Vienna to study European technology and thought
1702
Asiento Guinea Company founded for slave trade between Africa and America
1704
Isaac Newton, Optics
1707
Political and legal union between England and Scotland; Linnaeus born
1709
First Copyright Act in Britain
1713
Abb de Saint-Pierre, Projet pour la paix perptuelle ; Peace of Utrecht closes War of Spanish Succession
1715
Louis XIV of France dies; succeeded by his great-grandson Louis XV, under Regency of the duc dOrlans
1716
First company of English actors appears in North America at Williamsburg, Virginia
1717
Inoculation against smallpox introduced into Britain from Turkey by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu; first Freemasons lodge established in London
1718
Yale University founded at New Haven, Connecticut; New Orleans founded
1719
Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe
1721
Montesquieu, Lettres persanes ; J. S. Bach, Brandenburg Concertos; regular postal service between London and New England
1722
Daniel Defoe, Moll Flanders
1723
Ludovico Antonio Muratori publishes Rerum italicarum scriptores , 28 vols. of medieval documents; end of Regency in France; J. S. Bach, St John Passion
1724
Professorships of modern history founded at Oxford and Cambridge; Paris Bourse (Stock Exchange) opens