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RIGHTEOUS LIVES
RIGHTEOUS LIVES
Narratives of the New Orleans
Civil Rights Movement
KIM LACY ROGERS
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS
New York and London
Copyright 1993 by New York University
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Rogers, Kim Lacy.
Righteous lives : narratives of the New Orleans civil rights movement /
Kim Lacy Rogers.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8147-7431-8 (cloth)
1. Afro-AmericansCivil rightsLouisianaNew Orleans. 2. Civil
rights movementsLouisianaNew OrleansHistory20th century.
3. New Orleans (La.)Race relations. I. Title.
F379.N59N4 1992 92-24735
976.335dc20 CIP
New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and
their binding materials arc chosen for strength and durability.
Manufactured in the United States of America
c 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For Andrea Hinding, John Lankford,
and Monte Piliawsky,
who saw me through, and saw this through.
Contents
ONE
Introduction
TWO
Overcoming Massive Resistance: Integrationists, 19541959
THREE
Desegregating New Orleans Schools: The Political Generation, 19601961
FOUR
Would New Orleans Burn? The Political Generation, 19611964
FIVE
Terror and Solidarity: The Protest Generation, 19601965
SIX
I Dont Know That I Would Feel as Valuable to Myself as I Feel That I Am: After the Revolution
SEVEN
The Meanings of the Stories
Illustrations appear as a group following
Acknowledgments
THIS book is the product of many voices and lives. I would first like to acknowledge my debt to the women and men of New Orleans, who patiently told me their stories, and graciously consented to see me on more than one occasion. I would especially like to thank Tom Dent, Lolis Elie, John P. Nelson, Jr., and Rosa Keller for many long hours of their time, and their generous explanation of their experiences.
Dr. Clifton Johnson and his staff at the Amistad Research Center have been exceptionally helpful and gracious over the many years in which I have returned to New Orleans to conduct interviews, acquire photographs, and accumulate the information necessary to make a book. I owe a special debt to Dr. Johnson and his staff, particularly archivists Lester Sullivan and Andy Simons. It was always a pleasure to do business with Amistad.
Dickinson College has also been very supportive of the years of research and exploration that went into this project. A 1988 Board of Advisors Grant allowed me to return to the city and re-interview many of the people with whom Id spoken in 1978 and 1979. I must also thank Dickinson for other support in the form of research and development grants and publications grants. I must also thank Mrs. Gladys Cashman for her very patient editorial work on the manuscript, and for her marvelous ability to unscramble the mysteries of computer programs.
Finally, I would like to particularly thank my close friends and colleagues who have read the manuscript, exchanged ideas, and improved my analysis and writing over the years. The greatest debt is to Andrea Hinding, John Lankford, and Monte Piliawskythree friends who have seen this work progress through many stages and lives. Also appreciated are the advice, comfort and wisdom of Eva McMahan and Steve Brouwer, who also read and critiqued the manuscript. Finally, I would like to thank the friends and colleagues who have valiantly endured my sometimes chaotic states as I have thought through and struggled with this workespecially Susan Rose, Lonna Malmsheimer, and Ann Hill of Dickinson College, and Major Joseph Burroughs, USMC. The flaws of this work are, needless to say, mine alone.
I would also like to extend a special thanks to the readers and critics who have helped to improve this work. Michael Frisch, Don Ritchie, George Lipsitz, and Charles Payne suggested important improvements; my editor Niko Pfund at New York University Press has been interested, helpful and supportive throughout the travail of editing and rewriting.
Abbreviations
ACLU | American Civil Liberties Association |
CCC | Civilian Conservation Corps |
CCGNO | Coordinating Council of Greater New Orleans |
CD & E | Collins, Douglas, and Elie (lawyers) |
CIC | Commission on Interracial Co-operation |
COFO | Council of Federated Organizations |
CORE | Congress of Racial Equality |
COUP | Community Organization for Urban Politics |
CRA | Civil Rights Act |
CRC | Community Relations Council |
FAMU | Florida A & M University |
FST | Free Southern Theater |
HUAC | House Un-American Activities Committee |
HUD | Department of Housing and Urban Development |
IMA | Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance |
Inc. Fund | NAACP Legal Defense Fund |
IWO | Independent Womens Organization |
LCDC | Lawyers Constitutional Defense Committee |
LSU | Louisiana State University |
LUAC | Louisiana Un-American Activities Committee |
LWV | League of Women Voters |
MAC | Metropolitan Area Committee |
MFDP | Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party |
NAACP | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
NLG | National Lawyers Guild |
OPPVL | Orleans Parish Progressive Voters League |
OPSB | Orleans Parish School Board |
PAC | Political Action Committee |
PTAs | Parent Teach Associations |