Mark Clapson - Anglo-American Crossroads: Urban Planning and Research in Britain, 1940-2010

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Anglo-American Crossroads

Anglo-American Crossroads

Urban Research and Planning in Britain, 19402010

Mark Clapson

Bloomsbury Academic

An imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

50 Bedford Square	175 Fifth Avenue
London	New York
WC1B 3DP	NY 10010
UK	USA

www.bloomsbury.com

First published 2013

Mark Clapson, 2013

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers.

Mark Clapson has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work.

No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organization acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury Academic or the author.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ePub ISBN: 978-1-4411-7474-1

Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India

Contents

I am grateful to the Leverhulme Trust for a Research Fellowship Award in 2004 that made so much of the research for this book possible.

I would also like to thank the following for their invaluable assistance: John-Paul Evans of the American Embassy in London for his assistance with materials on the Special Housing Mission to Great Britain and on Eric H. Biddle. I am also grateful to the archivists and librarians at the Columbia Archives, Maryland; Ford Foundation Archives, New York; the London School of Economics Archive, Georgia; the National Archives II, USA, in Maryland; the National Archives in Kew, London; the Planned Communities Archive, George Mason University, Virginia, the Sir Frederic Osborn Archive, Welwyn Garden City, and staff of the Rockefeller Archive Center, New York State, near Sleepy Hollow.

The following archives have kindly granted permission to use their materials: Columbia Archives, Maryland; London School of Economics Archives; Planned Communities Archive, Special Collections and Archives, George Mason University; and the Rockefeller Archives Centre, New York, which recently acquired the Ford Foundation Archives. Many thanks are also extended to Professor Murray Fraser for some very helpful comments and suggestions on an earlier draft of this book. The comments and suggestions of the two reviewers for Continuum were useful and influenced the shape of the chapters. Finally, I am grateful to Claire Lipscomb and Rhodri Mogford of Continuum for their assistance in the publication of Atlantic Crossings .

AIA	American Institute of Architects
BOB	Bureau of the Budget
BRF	British Road Federation
CAM	Columbia Archives, Maryland
CDP	Community Development Projects
CES	Centre for Environmental Studies
CUS	Centre for Urban Studies
FBE	Foundation for the Built Environment
FF	Ford Foundation
HLG	Housing and Local Government
HUD	Housing and Urban Development
ICS	Institute of Community Studies
ICWP	Inner Cities Working Party
IRR	Institute of Race Relations
JDAG	Joint Docklands Action Group
LDDC	London Docklands Development Corporation
LSE	London School of Economics
MHLG	Ministry of Housing and Local Government
MK	Milton Keynes
MKDC	Milton Keynes Development Corporation
NAII	National Archives II (USA)
OU	Open University
PCA	Planned Communities Archive
PEP	Political and Economic Planning
RAC	Rockefeller Archive Center
SHM	Special Housing Mission
TCPA	Town and Country Planning Association
TNA	The National Archives (England)
TPI	Town Planning Institute
UCL	University College, London

1936	Ford Foundation established
19426	Special Housing Mission to Great Britain
1944	Dudley Report published in Britain
1946	New Towns Act, Great Britain
1954	Institute of Community Studies, London, receives financial support from the Ford Foundation
1957	Centre for Urban Studies, in London, receives financial support from the Ford Foundation
1958	Ditchley Foundation established, England
1961	Gray Areas Program begins, USA, with Ford Foundation support
1961	Reston, Virginia founded
1963	Cross Keys, Baltimore Maryland founded
1963	Columbia, Maryland founded
1965	New Towns Act, Great Britain
1966	Centre for Environmental Studies, London, receives support from the Ford Foundation
1967	Milton Keynes New Town designated, Buckinghamshire
1969	Community Development Projects initiated, Britain
1977	Inner Cities Working Party established, Britain
19801	Riots in British cities
1981	London Docklands Development Corporation established
1988	Poundbury development plan initiated, England

Rationale

There are many good reasons for a study of the American influence on British urban development. First, there is a diverse and expanding field of research into Americanization in the twentieth century. and his magisterial volume Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (1998) a work concerned with the decades from 1880 to the outbreak of World War II. The title of this present book is meant to acknowledge the work of Rodgers while indicating a more modest focus on urban research and urban policy. And its geographical range does not, for the most part, include continental Europe or the European mainland. To be sure, Britain is a part of Europe and of the European Union, but this current book concentrates upon the United States of America and Britain. Rodgers was also concerned with the decades that led from the late nineteenth century to the outbreak of war at the end of the 1930s. This book begins where Rodgers drew his story to an end, namely the war of 193945. It is, hopefully, a contribution to the growing academic interest in transatlantic dialogues and policy formulations since World War II.

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