Anthony DiFilippo - The Challenges of the US-Japan Military Arrangement: Competing Security Transitions in a Changing International Environment

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THE CHALLENGES OF THE U.S.-JAPAN MILITARY ARRANGEMENT

The Challenges of the U.S.-Japan Military Arrangement

COMPETING SECURITY TRANSITIONS IN A CHANGING INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Anthony DiFilippo

First published 2002

by M.E. Sharpe

Published 2015

by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2002 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
DiFilippo, Anthony, 1950
The challenges of the U.S.-Japan military arrangement: competing security transitions
in a changing international environment / Anthony DiFilippo.
p. cm.
"An East Gate Book."
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7656-1018-3 (alk. paper)ISBN 0-7656-1019-1 (pbk.; alk. paper)
1. United StatesMilitary relationsJapan. 2. JapanMilitary relationsUnited States.
3. United StatesForeign relationsJapan. 4. JapanForeign relationsUnited States. 5.
United StatesMilitary policy. 6. JapanMilitary policy. 7. National securityUnited
States. 8. National securityJapan. I. Title.
E183.8.J3 D54 2002
355'.031'09730952dc21
2002019093

ISBN 13: 9780765610195 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 9780765610188 (hbk)

To My Family

Contents

Tables

Figures

Since fall 1998, when I began working on this book, I have received much support. First I must acknowledge the support of the members of my family who in different ways encouraged me to write this book. My conversations with many individuals were also important, as they often helped me to see some things in different ways or focus more on issues that I had largely ignored or given too little attention to in this work. Several Japanese friends were especially important in this respect, including Teiichiro Tonoue of the Tokyo Physicians for Elimination of Nuclear Weapons, Hiroshi Katsumori, chairperson of the Article Nine Society in Japan; and Kenji Urata of Waseda University. Subsequent to a meeting on the abolition of nuclear weapons arranged by Kenji Urata in early August of 2001, Hiro Umebayashi of the Peace Depot and I had a useful conversation that helped me rethink the importance of making Japan's three nonnuclear principles national law rather than policy.

Lincoln University supported my research by providing me with some research stipends that helped to offset some of the financial cost of conducting the research for this book. The university also twice provided me with funds that helped to defray much of the cost of two visits to Japan. These trips were important, as they helped to add definition and clarity to the book. For example, when I was in Tokyo in July of 2000, Axel Berkofsky, then affiliated with the German Institute for Japanese Studies, kindly notified me of an important discussion on Japanese security issues being held at the Japan Institute of International Studies, a policy arm of the Japanese Foreign Ministry. It was during this discussion that I became convinced that to acquire a credible role in international security, many in Tokyo were too easily sacrificing public opinion for a stronger alliance with Washington.

THE CHALLENGES OF THE U.S.-JAPAN MILITARY ARRANGEMENT

1
Introduction: Challenges of the Twenty-first Century

The U.S.-Japan security relationship has existed for five decades. Begun during the Korean War, the alliance early on had two interrelated objectives. First, by bringing Tokyo into Washington's foreign policy camp, the expectation was that the Soviet Union would not develop any political designs relating to Japan. Second, it became clear to proponents of the treaty in Washington and Tokyo that because of the position of neutrality advocated by some divisions of the Japanese political left during the early postwar years, these forces could be kept at arm's length. This attempt by Washington and many in Tokyo to marginalize the left nearly collapsed in 1960, when massive opposition to the renewal of the bilateral security treaty led to large protests in Tokyo.

Stability versus Instability

While these objectives have historical value, they are not especially germane today. What is important today is that the U.S.-Japan security alliance survived the Cold War and, since the mid-1990s, has been strengthened. Justified for a while by the argument that even though the Cold War had ended in the early 1990s, this was not the case in East Asia; more recently, Washington and Tokyo have shed the bipolar rationalization and now rely on the more generalized contention that the bilateral alliance brings stability to the region. Clinton, however, failed to remind U.S. troops of even recent security catastrophes that had occurred despite the existence of the bilateral alliance, such as the nuclear tests conducted by India and Pakistan in 1998, and that continued to destabilize the Asia-Pacific region.

Having long jettisoned the Cold War rhetoric associated with presumed superpower aggression, today the need to maintain stability in East Asia is justified by an amalgamation of political possibilities. Or, put differently, regional instability can come from different sources. As the new 1997 "Guidelines for U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation" indicate, both Washington and Tokyo are very much concerned about "situational" problems in the East Asia-Pacific region that can occasion instability. Within East Asia, these problems could conceivably arise from several sources, such as North Korea invading South Korea, China forcefully taking over Taiwan, or, less likely but nonetheless part of the consideration, Russia deciding to extend its sphere of military influence.

In the eyes of many policy makers in Washington and Tokyo, regional instability in East Asia could also emerge from rogue activities. Foremost on the list of possible threats is North Korea, which, in the wake of its hurling a missile over Japanese territory in August 1998, caused Tokyo to decide to become involved with Washington in TMD (theater missile defense) research. Although unlikely, rogue activities in East Asia could also come from beyond the region, as a result of possible misconduct by Iraq or Iran. Instability also relates to the problems associated with potential terrorist activities (North Korea remains on the U.S. terrorist list), which may or may not be sanctioned by a government. In brief, to contend with virtually all conceivable security threats to East Asia and beyond, now including nonstate terrorist activities, the U.S.-Japan security relationship has been evolving into an alliance that is becoming the regional equivalent of NATO.

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