J.F. Sleeman - The Welfare State: Its Aims, Benefits and Costs

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: WELFARE AND THE STATE

Volume 18

THE WELFARE STATE

THE WELFARE STATE

Its Aims, Benefits and Costs

J.F. SLEEMAN

First published in 1973 by George Allen & Unwin Ltd
Second Impression 1974

This edition first published in 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1973 George Allen & Unwin Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-138-61373-7 (Set)
ISBN: 978-0-429-45813-2 (Set) (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-61580-9 (Volume 18) (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-46285-6 (Volume 18) (ebk)

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

THE WELFARE STATE

Its Aims, Benefits and Costs

J. F. Sleeman

London George Allen & Unwin Ltd

Ruskin House Museum Street

First published in 1973
Second impression 1974

This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. All rights are reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the publishers.

George Allen & Unwin Ltd 1973

ISBN 0 04 360028 X hardback

0 04 360029 8 paperback

Contents

Tables

Abbreviations

Cmd and Cmnd	Command Paper
GNP	Gross national product
IEA	Institute of Economic Affairs
NAB	National Assistance Board
NHS	National Health Service
NI	National Insurance

The phrase the Welfare State has passed into our common language, often without much thought about what it really means. According to one recent authority, it was probably first used in print by Archbishop William Temple, in his pamphlet Citizen and Churchman, published in 1941, in which he says, In place of the concept of the Power State we are led to that of the Welfare State. Whatever its origins, it came into general use in the years after 1945 to describe a phenomenon which everyone recognized, when the Governments responsibility for the provision of social services was extended. With the development of National Insurance, National Assistance and Family Allowances, with the setting up of the National Health Service and the extension of public educational provision, with the growth of welfare services for old people, children and families in trouble, and with the spread of the public provision of subsidized housing, it was generally felt that we had a new kind of State, a Welfare State. No longer was the State merely the policeman who kept law and order, or the arbiter who settled disputes and upheld the sanctity of contracts. No longer was its concern only to relieve the most acute cases of need or inequality. Its business was now positively to promote the welfare of all its citizens.

Unfortunately, the concept has also become embroiled in political controversy. For some it is the very symbol of the role which the State should play in modern society, in which participation in the social services should be one of the rights and duties of citizenship; the services provided by the Government to promote the common welfare of all the citizens should also be constantly improved and extended. Hence it is to be defended against all attacks by reactionaries. For others, it is the symbol of feather-bedding, of a tendency to provide help to people irrespective of whether they need it or not, an excessive care for the needs of all which is in danger of sapping self-reliance and initiative. Hence as incomes rise it should be expected to wither away, and people should become more able to provide for themselves.

Most people probably fall somewhere between these two extremes, accepting the benefits which the services provide for them, thankful that we are now able to meet the needs of the less fortunate so much better than we could in the past, uneasily aware of the many gaps which still exist in our services, and yet perhaps a bit apprehensive whether perhaps we have gone too far in the direction of feather-bedding. To examine the historical developments which lie behind the present forms which our welfare services take will be part of the business of this book; in so doing, it will look at the ideals which underlie them and the effects which their working is liable to have on the economy. Thus we shall attempt to throw some light on this controversy, and draw some conclusions about how the services may be expected to develop in the future. But first we must see how spending on the social services has grown over the years.

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