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Julilly Kohler-Hausmann - Getting Tough: Welfare and Imprisonment in 1970s America

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Julilly Kohler-Hausmann Getting Tough: Welfare and Imprisonment in 1970s America
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The politics and policies that led to Americas expansion of the penal system and reduction of welfare programs
In 1970s America, politicians began getting tough on drugs, crime, and welfare. These campaigns helped expand the nations penal system, discredit welfare programs, and cast blame for the eras social upheaval on racialized deviants that the state was not accountable to serve or represent. Getting Tough sheds light on how this unprecedented growth of the penal system and the evisceration of the nations welfare programs developed hand in hand. Julilly Kohler-Hausmann shows that these historical events were animated by struggles over how to interpret and respond to the inequality and disorder that crested during this period.
When social movements and the slowing economy destabilized the U.S. welfare state, politicians reacted by repudiating the commitment to individual rehabilitation that had governed penal and social programs for decades. In its place, they championed strategies of punishment, surveillance, and containment. The architects of these tough strategies insisted they were necessary, given the failure of liberal social programs and the supposed pathological culture within poor African American and Latino communities. Kohler-Hausmann rejects this explanation and describes how the spectacle of enacting punitive policies convinced many Americans that social investment was counterproductive and the underclass could be managed only through coercion and force.
Getting Tough illuminates this narrative through three legislative cases: New Yorks adoption of the 1973 Rockefeller drug laws, Illinoiss and Californias attempts to reform welfare through criminalization and work mandates, and Californias passing of a 1976 sentencing law that abandoned rehabilitation as an aim of incarceration. Spanning diverse institutions and weaving together the perspectives of opponents, supporters, and targets of punitive policies, Getting Tough offers new interpretations of dramatic transformations in the modern American state.

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Getting Tough
Politics and Society in Modern America
William Chafe, Gary Gerstle, Linda Gordon, and Julian Zelizer, editors
Getting Tough: Welfare and Imprisonment in 1970s America by Julilly Kohler-Hausmann
The Rise of a Prairie Statesman: The Life and Times of George McGovern by Thomas Knock
The Great Exception: The New Deal and the Limits of American Politics by Jefferson Cowie
The Good Immigrants: How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority by Madeline Y. Hsu
A Class by Herself: Protective Laws for Women Workers, 1890s1990s by Nancy Woloch
The Loneliness of the Black Republican: Pragmatic Politics and the Pursuit of Power by Leah Wright Rigueur
Dont Blame Us: Suburban Liberals and the Transformation of the Democratic Party by Lily Geismer
Relentless Reformer: Josephine Roche and Progressivism in Twentieth-Century America by Robyn Muncy
Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest by Andrew Needham
Lobbying America: The Politics of Business from Nixon to NAFTA by Benjamin C. Waterhouse
For a full list of books in this series see: http://press.princeton.edu/catalogs/series/pstcaa.html
Getting Tough
WELFARE AND IMPRISONMENT
IN 1970 S AMERICA
Julilly Kohler-Hausmann
Princeton University Press
Princeton and Oxford
Copyright 2017 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR
press.princeton.edu
Jacket photograph: Ronald Reagan and Nelson Rockefeller, 1968 / Getty Images
All Rights Reserved
ISBN 978-1-400-88518-3
Library of Congress Control Number 2017931926
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
This book has been composed in Sabon LT Std and Helvetica Neue family
Printed on acid-free paper
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For Mark Leff
Contents
Chapter One Addicts into Citizens:
The Tribulations of New Yorks Treatment Regime
Chapter Two The Public versus the Pushers:
Enacting New Yorks Rockefeller Drug Laws
Chapter Four Welfare Is a Cancer:
Economic Citizenship in the Age of Reagan
Chapter Six Going Berserk for Punishment:
A Prelude to Mass Incarceration
Figures
Acknowledgments
It is ironic that a book about the dangers of sorting people between good and bad is dedicated to man who was all good. For over a decade Mark Leff was the first person and last person who read anything I wrote. I would send him the first inchoate draft to see if it was headed in the right direction. And it was only after consultation with him that I would declare a piece finished. It would be too embarrassing to admit how many versions he read in between. He had a remarkable analytical ability to evaluate intellectual structures on their own terms. No matter the topic, he could easily discern the central pillars, the gratuitous clutter, and the fundamentally unsound elements in any historical argument. Whenever Mark started self-deprecatingly insisting he had no productive feedback, I braced myself. He usually then proceeded to make a single comment that destabilized or reoriented the entire conceptualization. His rigor and acuity were matched only by his kindness, humor, and infinite generosity. He expected the best of people and demanded even more from himself. It is the custom for authors to take responsibility for all the errors in their books, but in this case Id like to share responsibility for any problems with cancer. For if Mark were still alive, he would have commented on everything ranging from the analytical to the grammatical. It is daunting to send this book off without the benefit of his final questions. It is even harder to know that he did not live to see it finished and dedicated to him.
A broad web of family, friends, colleagues, and institutions supported me during the years I spent working on this project. At the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Jim Barrett, Clarence Lang, Elizabeth Pleck, and David Roediger each offered critical readings and extensive comments that steered the project in profound ways. Dana Rabin, Leslie Reagan, and Stephen Hartnett also offered kind and wise mentorship. Even though my research has far too many elites for his taste, Jim Barrett adopted me into the fold of labor and working-class history students and he greatly enriched my years in Champaign. I was lucky to have had the intellectual and social community provided through the Working Class History Reading Group that he organized. These faculty were models of intellectual generosity and engagement.
At the University of Illinois, I also cherished the friendship and advice of Will Cooley, Sarah Forhardt-Lane, Amy Hasinoff, Erica Hill, Karlos Hill, Maurice Hobson, Brian Hoffman, Abdulai Iddrisu, Jason Kozlowski, Anna Kurhajec, Marie Leger, Shoshana Magnet, Sascha Meinrath, Brian Nicholson, Edward Onaci, Kerry Pimblott, Craig Robinson, Melissa Rohde, Mike Rosenow, Martin Smith, and Roswell Quinn. In particular, I would like to thank the small group that became my core conspirators: Brandon Mills, Anthony Sigismondi, Kwame Holmes, and Brian Yates.
I could not have asked for a more supportive environment to finish this book than the History Department at Cornell University. For their kindness and counsel, I am particularly grateful to Ed Baptist, Judy Byfield, Ray Craib, Holly Case, Barb Donnell, Maria Christina Garcia, Sandra Greene, T. J. Hinrichs, Katie Kristof, Tamara Loos, Jon Parmanter, Barry Straus, Kay Stickane, Eric Tagliacozza, Robert Travers, and Judy Yonkin. Id also like to thank colleagues who provided feedback on my research at critical junctures: Oren Falk, Itsie Hull, Durba Gosh, Mary Beth Norton, Camille Robcis, Claudia Verhoven, Aaron Sachs, Penny Von Eschen, Margaret Washington, and Rachel Weil. A cohort of magnificent junior scholars arrived at Cornell around the same time as I did. Ernesto Bassi, Louis Hyman, Mostafa Minawi, Russell Rickford, and Victor Seow have made these years less stressful and considerably more fun. Derek Chang and Larry Glickman have both gone far beyond what should ever be expected and dedicated their time and wisdom to assist me on too many occasions to enumerate. Two gifted Cornell students, Janelle Bourgeois and John Hall, provided expert research assistance during the final stages of the book. I have also benefited from the comments of and discussions with the growing concentration of scholars researching inequality and incarceration in other units at Cornell, particularly Peter Enns, Maria Fitzpatrick, Chris Garces, Anna Haskins, Jamila Michener, Aziz Rana, Rob Scott, and Chris Wildeman. I feel especially privileged to have the support of and an ongoing dialogue with Joe Margulies and Mary Katzenstein. Our friendship with the family of Jenny Mann and Guy Ortolano has greatly enriched our time in Ithaca.
A wide range of other scholars have also offered invaluable comments at different stages. I thank Seth Ackerman, Dan Berger, Nancy Campbell, Merlin Chowkwanyun, Will Cooley, Thomas Dorrance, Kelly Lytle Hernandez, David Herzberg, Max Felkor-Kantor, Volker Janssen, Felicia Kornbluh, Naomi Murakawa, Khalil Gibran Muhammad, Donna Murch, Julie Netherland, Jessica Neptune, Anne Parsons, Kimberly Phillips-Fein, Peter Pihos, Eric Schneider, Christopher Seeds, Stuart Schrader, Karen Tani, and Mason Williams. Audra Wolfe, Sanford Schram, and Katherine Beckett provided astute feedback on the structure and content of the entire manuscript that was essential in guiding my final revisions. My conversations with Elizabeth Hinton both enrich my scholarship and sustain me personally. My frequent text storms and phone calls with Kwame Holmes have been a critical source of wisdom and solace. During my year at the Institute for Advanced Study, I benefited immensely from discussions about my project with Danielle Allen, Manduhai Buyandelger, Brian Connolly, Didier Fassin, Hugh Gusterson, Michael Hanchard, Nann Koehane, Jill Locke, Jennifer Morgan, Charles Payne, Sophie Rosenfeld, and Joan Scott. It would be impossible to overstate Heather Thompsons influence on my intellectual and professional trajectory. She has believed in and pushed this project since the first time we met when we spent over three hours brainstorming about my research. Ever since then, I have been in awe of the intellectual sophistication and endless energy she has dedicated to illuminating the history of the carceral state.
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