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Kathrin Zippel - Women in Global Science: Advancing Academic Careers through International Collaboration

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Women in Global Science: Advancing Academic Careers through International Collaboration
Author:
Kathrin Zippel
Publisher:
Stanford University Press
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Books / Politics
Year:
2017
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Scientific and engineering research is increasingly global, and international collaboration can be essential to academic success. Yet even as administrators and policymakers extol the benefits of global science, few recognize the diversity of international research collaborations and their participants, or take gendered inequalities into account. Women in Global Science is the first book to consider systematically the challenges and opportunities that the globalization of scientific work brings to U.S. academics, especially for women faculty.

Kathrin Zippel looks to the STEM fields as a case study, where gendered cultures and structures in academia have contributed to an underrepresentation of women. While some have approached underrepresentation as a national concern with a national solution, Zippel highlights how gender relations are reconfigured in global academia. For U.S. women in particular, international collaboration offers opportunities to step outside of exclusionary networks at home. International collaboration is not the panacea to gendered inequalities in academia, but, as Zippel argues, international considerations can be key to ending the steady attrition of women in STEM fields and developing a more inclusive academic world.

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Stanford University Press

Stanford, California

2017 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University.

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press.

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Zippel, Kathrin, author.

Title: Women in global science : advancing academic careers through international collaboration / Kathrin Zippel.

Description: Stanford, California : Stanford University Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016029021 (print) | LCCN 2016030430 (ebook) | ISBN 9781503600393 (cloth: alk. paper) | ISBN 9781503601499 (pbk: alk. paper) | ISBN 9781503601505 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Women scientistsUnited States. | Career developmentUnited States. | Women in scienceUnited States. | ScienceInternational cooperation.

Classification: LCC Q130.Z56 2017 (print) | LCC Q130 (ebook) | DDC 507.1/073dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016029021

Typeset by Thompson Type in 10/14 Minion

WOMEN IN GLOBAL SCIENCE

Advancing Academic Careers through International Collaboration

Kathrin Zippel

Stanford University Press
Stanford, California

For Dirk

Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments

WE NEED AN INCLUSIVE GLOBAL ACADEMIA TO CREATE the knowledge necessary to tackle the problems of our world. When countries pursue isolationist (science) policies, shut down their borders through travel bans for academics, and fail to provide adequate support for research across borders, the political dimensions of international research collaborations become visible. Cooperation among academics across national borders holds both academic and political significance.

This book grew out of the question what happens to gender inequalities when academics engage in international collaborations? Or in short does globalization of science and academia open doors to women or create more hurdles? Faculty at U.S. universities increasingly participate in research collaborations with colleagues abroad; compared to academics in many countries, they do enjoy many privileges. But they also experience obstacles and often lack support for international collaborations; this is especially true for women scholars.

I offer my sincere gratitude to all my research participants for their openness and willingness to devote time for my research and to the many colleagues who have informally shared with me their stories of navigating the frontiers of global academia. Because about one-third of the faculty in STEM fields in research universities in the United States are foreign born and educated, U.S. universities have benefited from brain drain from other countries and/or brain circulation. Although for many academics this mobility is voluntary, other international scholars find themselves unable to return to their own countries for multiple reasons, including personal, family, academic, economic, or political ones. Their struggles became even clearer to me as I interviewed the academics for this book, and they have convinced me even more deeply of the urgency and importance of international collaboration among academics. And without the contributions of these participants, this book would not have been possible.

Growing up in Germany I had the privilege of having a high school education and first university degrees in publicly funded German educational institutions, before my graduate education and most academic positions took me to the United States. I am citizen of both countries now, and, when I travel around the world, I also benefit from my academic nationality, the status of being affiliated with and educated at U.S. institutions of higher educationwhat I call the .edu bonus. My research has benefited from an international academic life in many ways; thus I bring to this project a positive inclination toward valuing cosmopolitanism in academia.

This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OISE-0936970 and HRD-0811170. I want to thank John Tsapogas and Jessie DeAro, who were wonderful to work with. I have carried this project across the Atlantic several times, including with a generous research fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. I have had wonderfully stimulating research stays and working conditions at the Women and Public Policy Program, Harvard Kennedy School; Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich; the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies in Cologne; the Social Science Research Center Berlin; and the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies at Harvard. For their hospitality and support I want to thank the staff and directors, including Iris Bonet, Hannah Riley Bowles, Victoria Budson, Paula Irene Villa, Jens Beckert, Jutta Allmendinger, Patricia Craig, and Grzegorz Ekiert. I want to thank Northeastern University for institutional support and the Northeastern University ADVANCE Team, Sara Wadia-Fascetti (PI) and the other Co-PIs, Jacqueline Isaacs, Luis Falcon, and Graham Jones, as well as Mary Loeffelholz for supporting this project in its early stages.

My involvement in the U.S. ADVANCE community sparked my initial interest in gender and the internationalization of academia leading to this book on international research collaborations. So I am grateful to the broader ADVANCE community, who, like me, have been wrestling with gendered inequalities in academia and beyond, trying to bring about enduring transformations in institutions to create more gender equality. I cannot list them all individually, but the writing workshop in gender, science, and organizations and the participants of the NSF-sponsored workshop on gender and international collaborations stand out. Some portions of this book previously appeared as reports of this workshop. Other portions also appeared as part of chapters, journal articles, and reports.

I have benefited also from the stimulating discussions, critical questions, and constructive advice I received from my collaborators on various pieces of this project, including Laura Kramer, Alice Hogan, Lisa M. Frehill, and Amy Lubitow. My former students and now collaborators Katrina Uhly and Laura Visser helped me push some ideas forward by testing them with very different survey data. I also want to thank Sorina Vlaicu and Debra Guckenheimer, who conducted some of the interviews and focus groups and started some of the analysis. I owe much gratitude to my research assistants, especially Katrina Uhly but also Ethel Mickey and Emily Smykla, who helped with coding as well as with commenting on various versions of the chapters. Saleha Chaudry, Laura Trachte and Morgan Whitney also provided invaluable research assistance.

I am especially indebted to Myra Marx Ferree. Her interest and trust in my research have inspired me. She has commented on several parts of the book. I owe her the name of the concept glass fences, and much more. I have also been fortunate to receive thoughtful feedback from colleagues and friends, especially Sarah Bracke, Catherine Espaillat, Laura Frader, Tim Kimmel, Lynnette Madsen, Laurie McIntosh, Eileen McDonagh, Kimberly Morgan, Liza Mgge, Lisa Prgl, Nina Sylvanus, Berna Turam, and Claudia Zilla. In addition, I have greatly benefited from discussions with and support of my colleagues, Anna (Enobong) Branch, Susanne Baer, Frank Dobbin, Jeff Hearns, Patricia Hill Collins, Liisa Husu, Mary Frank Fox, Julian Hamann, Heike Kahlert, Dagmar Simon, Gerhard Sonnert, Gaye Tuchman, Marieke van den Brinck, Angelika von Wahl, Maya Widmer, and Alison Woodward.

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