Human Rights Watch - World Report 2012: Events of 2011

Copyright 2012 Human Rights Watch
All rights reserved.

eISBN: 978-1-60980-390-2

Front cover photo: EgyptFatma, 16, joins a pro-democracy protest in Tahrir Square, Cairo, on February 8, 2011. President Hosni Mubarak resigned on February 11.
2011 Yuri Kozyrev/NOOR for Time Magazine

Back cover photo: KenyaWomen widowed by clashes between the insurgent Sabaot Land Defence Force and Kenyan government in 2006-2008 have formed a collective to support one another in the aftermath of their husbands disappearances and deaths.
2011 Brent Stirton/Getty Images for Human Rights Watch

Cover design by Rafael Jimnez

www.hrw.org

v3.1

Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world.

We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice.

We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable.

We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law.

We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all.

Human Rights Watch is one of the worlds leading independent organizations dedicated to defending and protecting human rights. By focusing international attention where human rights are violated, we give voice to the oppressed and hold oppressors accountable for their crimes. Our rigorous, objective investigations and strategic, targeted advocacy build intense pressure for action and raise the cost of human rights abuse. For over 30 years, Human Rights Watch has worked tenaciously to lay the legal and moral groundwork for deep-rooted change and has fought to bring greater justice and security to people around the world.

Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Europe and Central Asia division (then known as Helsinki Watch). Today, it also includes divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, and the Middle East and North Africa; a United States program; thematic divisions or programs on arms, business and human rights, childrens rights, health and human rights, international justice, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender rights, refugees, and womens rights; and an emergencies program. It maintains offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Cairo, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich, and field presences in 20 other locations globally. Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organization, supported by contributions from private individuals and foundations worldwide. It accepts no government funds, directly or indirectly.

The staff includes Kenneth Roth, Executive Director; Michele Alexander, Deputy Executive Director, Development and Global Initiatives; Carroll Bogert, Deputy Executive Director, External Relations; Jan Egeland, Deputy Executive Director, Europe; Iain Levine, Deputy Executive Director, Program; Chuck Lustig, Deputy Executive Director, Operations; Walid Ayoub, Information Technology Director; Pierre Bairin, Media Director; Clive Baldwin, Senior Legal Advisor; Emma Daly, Communications Director; Alan Feldstein, Associate General Counsel; Barbara Guglielmo, Acting Operations Director; Peggy Hicks, Global Advocacy Director; Dinah PoKempner, General Counsel; Aisling Reidy, Senior Legal Advisor; James Ross, Legal and Policy Director; Joe Saunders, Deputy Program Director; Frances Sinha, Global Human Resources Director; and Minky Worden, Director of Global Initiatives.

The division directors of Human Rights Watch are Brad Adams, Asia; Joseph Amon, Health and Human Rights; Daniel Bekele, Africa; John Biaggi, International Film Festival; Peter Bouckaert, Emergencies; Richard Dicker, International Justice; Bill Frelick, Refugees; Arvind Ganesan, Business and Human Rights; Liesl Gerntholtz, Womens Rights; Steve Goose, Arms; Alison Parker, United States; Graeme Reid, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Rights; Jos Miguel Vivanco, Americas; Lois Whitman, Childrens Rights; and Sarah Leah Whitson, Middle East and North Africa; and Hugh Williamson, Europe and Central Asia.

The advocacy directors of Human Rights Watch are Philippe Bolopion, United NationsNew York; Juliette De Rivero, United NationsGeneva; Kanae Doi, Japan; Jean-Marie Fardeau, Paris; Meenakshi Ganguly, South Asia; Lotte Leicht, European Union; Tom Malinowski, Washington DC; and Wenzel Michalski, Berlin.

The members of the board of directors are James F. Hoge, Chair; Susan Manilow, Vice Chair; Joel Motley, Vice Chair; Sid Sheinberg, Vice Chair; John J. Studzinski, Vice Chair; Hassan Elmasry, Treasurer; Bruce Rabb, Secretary; Karen Ackman; Jorge Castaeda; Tony Elliott; Michael G. Fisch; Michael E. Gellert; Hina Jilani; Betsy Karel; Wendy Keys; Robert Kissane; Oki Matsumoto; Barry Meyer; Pat Mitchell; Aoife OBrien; Joan R. Platt; Amy Rao; Neil Rimer; Victoria Riskin; Amy L. Robbins; Shelley Rubin; Kevin P. Ryan; Jean-Louis Servan-Schreiber; Javier Solana; Siri Stolt-Nielsen; Darian W. Swig; John R. Taylor; Marie Warburg; and Catherine Zennstrm.

Emeritus board members are Robert L. Bernstein, Founding Chair, 1979-1997;

Jonathan F. Fanton, Chair, 1998-2003; Jane Olson, 2004-2010; Lisa Anderson; David M. Brown;

William D. Carmichael; Vartan Gregorian; Alice H. Henkin; Stephen L. Kass;

Marina Pinto Kaufman; Bruce Klatsky; Joanne Leedom-Ackerman; Josh Mailman;

Samuel K. Murumba; Peter Osnos; Kathleen Peratis; Bruce Rabb; Sigrid Rausing;

Orville Schell; Gary Sick; and Malcolm B. Smith.

A compilation of this magnitude requires contribution from a large number of people, including most of the Human Rights Watch staff. The contributors were:

Fred Abrahams, Pema Abrahams, Brad Adams, Maria Aissa de Figueredo, Chris Albin-Lackey, Celina Almeida, Joe Amon, Elizabeth Ashamu, Laetitia Bader, Pierre Bairin, Amanda Bailly, Clive Baldwin, Heather Barr, Shantha Rau Barriga, Noah Beaudette, Nicholas Bequelin, Jo Becker, Daniel Bekele, Eleanor Blatchley, Carroll Bogert, Philippe Bolopion, Amy Braunschweiger, Sebastian Brett, Reed Brody, Jane Buchanan, Wolfgang Buettner, Maria Burnett, Inga Butefisch, Elizabeth Calvin, Anna Chaplin, Grace Choi, Jane Cohen, Adam Coogle, Tanya Cooper, Eva Cosse, Judit Costa, Zama Coursen-Neff, Emma Daly, Philippe Dam, Kiran DAmico, Sara Darehshori, Juliette de Rivero, Rachel Denber, Boris Dittrich, Corinne Dufka, Mariam Dwedar, Brahim Elansari, Marianna Enamoneta, Amanda Erickson, Jessica Evans, Elizabeth Evenson, Jean-Marie Fardeau, Guillermo Farias, Alice Farmer, Jamie Fellner, Bill Frelick, Arvind Ganesan, Meenakshi Ganguly, Liesl Gerntholtz, Neela Ghoshal, Thomas Gilchrist, Antonio Ginatta, Giorgi Gogia, Eric Goldstein, Steve Goose, Yulia Gorbunova, Laura Graham, Jessie Graham, Amna Guellali, Shilpa Guha, Eric Guttschuss, Danielle Haas, Aloys Habimana, Charlene Harry, Andreas Harsono, Ali Hasan, Jehanne Henry, Jos Luis Hernndez, Peggy Hicks, Nadim Houry, Lindsey Hutchison, Peter Huvos, Claire Ivers, Balkees Jarrah, Rafael Jimenez, Tiseke Kasambala, Aruna Kashyap, Elise Keppler, Nadya Khalife, Viktoriya Kim, Carolyn Kindelan, Juliane Kippenberg, Amanda Klasing, Erica Lally, Adrianne Lapar, Lotte Leicht, Doutje Lettinga, Boryana Levterova, Iain Levine, Diederik Lohman, Tanya Lokshina, Anna Lopriore, Drake Lucas, Ellie Lust, Tom Malinowski, Edmon Marukyan, David Scott Mathieson, Veronica Matushaj, Maria McFarland, Megan McLemore, Amanda McRae, Grace Meng, David Mepham, Lianna Merner, Wenzel Michalski, Darcy Milburn, Kathy Mills, Lisa Misol, Brittany Mitchell, Heba Morayef, Stephanie Morin, Priyanka Motaparthy, Rasha Moumneh, Lewis Mudge, Sahr Muhammedally, Jim Murphy, Samer Muscati, Dipika Nath, Kristi Ng, Stephanie Neider, Agnes Odhiambo, Alison Parker, Diana Parker, Shaivalini Parmar, Elaine Pearson, Rona Peligal, Sunai Phasuk, Laura Pitter, Dinah PoKempner, Tom Porteous, Jyotsna Poudyal, Andrea Prasow, Marina Pravdic, Sasha Rahmonov, Ben Rawlence, Graeme Reid, Aisling Reidy, Meghan Rhoad, Sophie Richardson, Lisa Rimli, Mihra Rittmann, Phil Robertson, Kathy Rose, James Ross, Kenneth Roth, Faraz Sanei, Joe Saunders, Ida Sawyer, John Sawyer, Rebecca Schleifer, Max Schoening, Jessica Scholes, Birgit Schwarz, Jake Scobey-Thal, David Segall, Kathryn Semogas, Anna Sevortian, Vikram Shah, Ivy Shen, Bede Sheppard, Gerry Simpson, Emma Sinclair-Webb, Param-Preet Singh, Mickey Spiegel, Xabay Spinka, Nik Steinberg, Joe Stork, Judith Sunderland, Steve Swerdlow, Veronika Szente Goldston, Maya Taal, Tamara Taraciuk, Letta Tayler, Carina Tertsakian, Elena Testi, Tej Thapa, Kate Todrys, Bill van Esveld, Gauri van Gulik, Anneke Van Woudenberg, Elena Vanko, Nisha Varia, Jos Miguel Vivanco, Florentine Vos, Benjamin Ward, Matt Wells, Lois Whitman, Sarah Leah Whitson, Christoph Wilcke, Daniel Wilkinson, Hugh Williamson, and Minky Worden.