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Alfred J. Rieber - Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950

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Book:
Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950
Author:
Alfred J Rieber
Publisher:
Taylor & Francis
Genre:
Books / Politics
Year:
2013
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Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950

Of Related Interest

BEYOND STALINISM: COMMUNIST POLITICAL EVOLUTION
edited by Ronald J. Hill

THE SOVIET TRANSITION: FROM GORBACHEV TO YELTSIN
edited by Stephen White, Rita di Leo and Ottorino Cappelli

SOCIAL DEMOCRACY IN A POST-COMMUNIST EUROPE
edited by Michael Waller, Bruno Coppieters and Kris Deschouwer

POST-COMMUNISM AND THE MEDIA IN EASTERN EUROPE
edited by Patrick H. ONeil

PARTIES, TRADE UNIONS AND SOCIETY IN EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE
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First published in 2000 by
FRANK CASS PUBLISHERS

This edition published 2013 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Forced migration in central and eastern Europe, 1939-1950.

(The journal of communist studies and transitional
politics; v. 16/1 & 2)
1. Forced migration Europe, Central History 20th
century 2. Forced migration Europe, Eastern History
20th century 3. Forced migration Europe, Central Case
studies 4. Forced migration Europe, Eastern Case studies
I. Rieber, Alfred J. (Alfred Joseph)
325

ISBN 0 7146 5132 X (cloth)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Forced migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950 / edited by Alfred J. Rieber.

p. cm.

Edited selections from papers originally presented at the Conference

on Population Transfers, Deportations and Resettlements in Central
and Eastern Europe, held in September 1996 in Budapest, Hungary.

This group of studies first appeared in a Special Issue on Forced

Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950 of the Journal of
Communist Studies and Transition Politics (ISSN 1352-3279) 16/1 & 2
(March/June 2000) published by Frank Cass Verso t.p.

Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-7146-5132-X (cloth)
1. World War, 1939-1945 Refugees Congresses. 2. World War,

1939-1945 Europe, Eastern Congresses. 3. Forced migration Europe,
Eastern History Congresses. 4. Population transfers History
Congresses. I. Rieber, Alfred J. II. Conference on Population Transfers,
Deportations and Resettlements in Central and Eastern Europe (1996:
Budapest, Hungary) III. Journal of communist studies and transition
politics. Vol. 16, nos. 1-2 (Special issue)
D809.E852 F67 2000
940.5308691 dc

00-057096

This group of studies first appeared in a Special Issue on
Forced Migration in Central and Eastern Europe, 1939-1950
of The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics (ISSN 1352-3279)
16/1 & 2 (March/June 2000) published by Frank Cass.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher of this book.

Contents

Alfred J. Rieber

N.S. Lebedeva

T.V. Volokitina

Emilia Hrabovec

G.P. Murashko

A.F. Noskova

Sylvia Schraut

Thomas Grosser

Michael Schwartz

Susanne Splbeck

The contributions to this volume represent an edited selection from papers originally submitted to a Conference on Population Transfers, Deportations and Resettlements in Central and Eastern Europe that was held at the Central European University in Budapest in September 1996. The original purpose of the conference was to present as broad a picture as possible of the unprecedented repressive population movements brought about by the Second World War. The aim of complete coverage proved not to be feasible even in the plans for the conference. The criteria for selection of the following essays from those delivered at the conference turned out to be the originality of the contributions and the fresh archival base upon which the conclusions were drawn. The relative availability of Russian foreign policy and party and German archives from the period of occupation explains the different approaches to Soviet policy and the German experience.

The conference was made possible by a special grant by the Rector of the Central European University, Alfred Stepan. It was sponsored by the History Department of the CEU which also provided assistance for translations. The essays first appeared in a special double issue of The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. The editor is grateful to the participants for their patience in seeing the work through to completion. Professor Ronald Hill was particularly helpful in preparing the work for publication. Professor Drago Roksandic of the Central European University was a courteous and perceptive critic of the Introduction.

Alfred J. Rieber

Budapest August 2000

ALFRED J. RIEBER

In the modern period the repressive transfer of populations in the region should be distinguished from specific pressures of modernization. Different types should be carefully identified whenever possible. Four major factors have been responsible for the higher levels of repressive transfers in the region than in the rest of Europe. There was a longer period of instability due to exposure of nomadic incursions from Asia which in one form or another lasted into the seventeenth century; the formation in the early modern period of multi-cultural empires with frontiers that were neither natural nor ethnic, in contrast to the emerging nation-states of Western Europe, created in the age of nationalism the potential for serious conflicts; wars of conquest became wars of expulsion; the relatively late formation of nation-states fostered exclusionist historicist myths. During the two world wars, mass mobilization, internal wars and new exclusionist racial and ideological programmes built upon older traditions but also radicalized repressive population transfers.

In the twentieth century the peoples of Central, South-eastern and Eastern Europe have been the main if not the only victims of mass repressive measures aimed at removing them from their homelands or exterminating them as social collectivities. The climax of human suffering and losses came during and immediately after the Second World War. But equally terrible events of a similar kind, although not on the same scale of violence, long antedated the war and have recently reappeared, with alarming prospects for the future. Their repetition and recurrence have raised historical questions about their origins, nature and consequences. There are two major methodological difficulties facing those who seek answers that might provide guidance in bringing an end to this aspect of European history which has lasted too long. The first concerns context and the second terminology.

It is important to attempt to place these events in a double frame: that of the demographic revolution and that of the wars against people. Since the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Europe has experienced both unprecedented population growth and periodic mass migrations of its

In all of these, it has never been easy to draw a clear line between voluntary and involuntary movements, between real and symbolic violence. Whole communities caught up in one or another aspect of modernization have found themselves virtually coerced into changing their domicile and their way of life under economic, social or demographic pressures. These are often misleadingly called impersonal forces whereas in fact they were the result of individual choice and human will, albeit exercised without full knowledge of the consequences for the social groups or classes of which they were members. Yet a distinction must be drawn between these processes, highly disruptive and even in some cases disastrous as they may have been, and conscious policies of governments or the hostile actions of groups of people directed against social collectivities in order to force them out of their places of residence to settle elsewhere under threat of persecution or death.

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