France, 17151804
A Social History of Europe
General Editor: Raymond Pearson
France, 17151804 is the sixth volume to be published in this Longman series. Wide-ranging both geographically and chronologically, it will explore the history of the peoples of Europe in an ambitious programme of analytical surveys, each examining a nation, state or region in a key phase of its development. The books will be written by leading experts; and each, while synthesising the latest scholarship in the field, will be invigorated by the findings and preoccupations of the authors original research.
The series is designed for a wide audience: the volumes will be necessary reading for serious students and fellow scholars, but they are also written to engage and interest the non-specialist coming to the subject for the first time.
Inaugurated by the late Harry Hearder, the series is under the General Editorship of Professor Raymond Pearson, Professor of European History at the University of Ulster at Coleraine.
Titles available in the series:
A Social History of the Russian Empire 16501825
Janet Hartley
France 18001914
Roger Magraw
French Society 15891715
Sharon Kettering
Spanish Society 14001600
Teofilo Ruiz
Twentieth Century Italy
Jonathan Dunnage
France, 17151804
Gwynne Lewis
Forthcoming titles in this series:
A Social History of the Russian Empire 18011917
David Saunders
A Social History of Modern Spain 19361995
Michael Richards
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow CM20 2JE
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0)1279 623623
Fax: +44 (0)1279 431059
Website: www.pearsoned.co.uk
_______________
First edition published in Great Britain in 2005
Pearson Education Limited 2004
The right of Gwynne Lewis to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
ISBN 0 582 23925 7
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lewis, Gwynne.
France, 17151804: power and the people/Gwynne Lewis,
p. cm. (A social history of Europe)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-582-23925-7 (pbk.)
1. FranceHistory18th century. 2. FranceSocial conditions18th century. 3. FranceEconomic conditions18th century. 4. FranceSocial life and customs18th century. 5. FranceIntellectual life18th century. 6. Social classesFrance18th century.
I. Title. II. Series.
DC131.L49 2004
944.034dc22
2004044194
All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. This book may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published, without the prior consent of the Publishers.
Transferred to Digital Print on Demand 2011
Set by 35 in 9.5/12.5pt Stone Serif
The Publishers policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
For Dewi and May Lewis and Glyn and Muriel Rosser.
For far too long social history was regularly, even routinely, defined dismissively and negatively along the lines of history with the high politics, economics and diplomacy left out. Over the latter decades of the twentieth century, however, a virtual revolution in the sub-discipline of social history gathered momentum, fuelled not only by historians but also by specialists from such established academic disciplines as anthropology, economics, politics and especially sociology, and enriched by contributors from burgeoning cultural, demographic, media and womens studies. At the cusp of the twenty-first century, the prime rationale of the recently launched Social History of Europe series is to reflect the cumulative achievement and reinforce the ripening respectability of what may be positively yet succinctly defined as nothing less than the history of society.
Initiated by the late Professor Harry Hearder of the University of Wales, the Social History of Europe series is conceived as an ambitious and open-ended collection of wide-ranging general surveys charting the history of the peoples of the major European nations, states and regions through key phases in their societal development from the late Middle Ages to the present. The series is not designed to become necessarily either chronologically or geographically all-embracing, although certain pre-eminent areas and periods will demand a systematic sequence of coverage. Typically, a volume covers a period of about one century, but longer (and occasionally shorter) time-spans are proving appropriate. A degree of modest chronological overlap between volumes covering a particular nation, state or region is acceptable where justified by the historical experience.
Each volume in the series is written by a commissioned European or American expert and, while synthesizing the latest scholarship in the field, is invigorated by the findings and preoccupations of the authors original research. As works of authority and originality, all contributory volumes are of genuine interest and value to the individual authors academic peers.
Even so, the contributory volumes are not intended to be scholarly monographs addressed to the committed social historian but broader synoptic overviews which serve a non-specialist general readership. All the volumes are therefore intended to take the textbook dimension with due seriousness, with authors recognizing that the long-term success of the series will depend on its usefulness to, and popularity with, an international undergraduate and postgraduate student readership. In the interests of accessibility, the provision of notes and references to accompany the text is suitably restrained and all volumes contain a select bibliography, a chronology of principal events, a glossary of foreign and technical terms and a comprehensive index.
Inspired by the millennial watershed but building upon the phenomenal specialist progress recorded over the last quarter-century, the eventually multi-volume Social History of Europe is dedicated to the advancement of an intellectually authoritative and academically cosmopolitan perspective on the multi-faceted historical development of the European continent.
Raymond Pearson
Professor of Modern European History
University of Ulster
I am indebted to Colin Jones for reading the entire manuscript of this book. His encouragement, advice and criticism have truly been invaluable. I also owe Roger Magraw an inestimable debt of gratitude for the many amicable discussions and debates on French history that we have enjoyed over several decades. Both Colin and Roger are still teaching at Warwick University, where I learned so much from colleagues and students and spent some of the happier days of my teaching life. My happiest, non-teaching days have been spent living in Paris and New Milton where this book was researched and written.