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The M.E. Sharpe Library of Franklin D. Roosevelt Studies

Volume Two

The M.E. Sharpe Library of Franklin D. Roosevelt Studies

Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress

The New Deal and Its Aftermath

Volume Two

Thomas P. Wolf, William D. Pederson, and Byron W. Daynes Editors

First published 2001 by M.E. Sharpe

Published 2015 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2001 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress: the New Deal and its aftermath / edited by Thomas
Phillip Wolf, William D. Pederson, and Byron W. Daynes.
p.cm.
Based on presentation made at a conference at Louisiana State University at
Shreveport in September 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-7656-0622-4 (cloth: alk. paper)ISBN 0-7656-0623-2 (pbk.: alk. paper)
1. Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 18821945Congresses. 2. United
StatesPolitics and government19331945Congresses. 3. United States
CongressHistory20th centuryCongresses. 4. LegislatorsUnited
StatesHistory20th centuryCongresses. 5. New Deal, 19331939Congresses. I.
Wolf, Thomas Phillip, 1933 II. Pederson, William D., 1946 III. Daynes, Byron W.

E806 .F6915 2000
973.917dc21 99-087719

ISBN 13: 9780765606235 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 9780765606228 (hbk)

Contents

Thomas Phillip Wolf

Richard Lowitt

Dennis N. Mihelich

Matthew Ware Coulter

Marc Dollinger

Anthony Champagne

Nancy Beck Young

Joseph Edward Lee

Thomas Phillip Wolf

Stefano Luconi

Arthur R. Williams, Karl F. Johnson and Michael P. Barrett

1. viii
2. ix

Guide

The editors wish to express their gratitude to those responsible for sponsoring and funding the 1995 conference, "FDR After 50 Years," at Louisiana State University at Shreveport. Without that support this volume would not have appeared.

Portions of Matthew Coulter's chapter have been published in Senate Munitions Inquiry of the 1930s: Beyond the Merchants of Death (Greenwood Press, 1997). Permission has been given by Coulter and Greenwood Press to publish those portions in this volume.

Thomas P. Wolf takes this opportunity to indicate his professional debt to three persons who were instrumental to his career: the late Marvin "Mike" Harder, who inspired Wolf to become a political scientist and sparked his initial fascination with Franklin D. Roosevelt; Heinz Eulau, who judiciously and with prompt attention served as dissertation chairperson many years ago; and John Bunzel, who rendered most helpful advice at a critical stage in Wolf's early career.

Secretarial assistance from the School of Social Sciences at Indiana University Southeast was crucial to this work, especially that of Ms. Brigette Colligan, She had a persistent hand in the completion of this work, implementing numerous revisions that the editors made and noting flaws that they missed.

Indiana University Southeast provided a grant that facilitated preparation of this book. With those funds, we had the assistance of Virginia Lee Bruce and Patrick Smith, who provided valuable service on this project.

Many questions of fact were resolved by the efforts of the Indiana University Southeast Library's reference staff: Nancy Totten, Martin Rosen, Jacqueline Johnson, Gabrielle Carr and Dennis Kreps.

We are grateful for the contributions of each of these persons at Indiana University Southeast, as well as those of the institution.

The M.E. Sharpe Library of Franklin D. Roosevelt Studies

Volume Two

THOMAS PHILLIP WOLF

The studies in this volume were originally presented at a conference at Louisiana State University at Shreveport in September 1995. One of the Shreveport campus's conferences on American presidents, it commemorated the passage of a half century since Franklin Delano Roosevelt's death at Warm Springs, Georgia in April 1945.

FDR's presidency remains one of the most significant, not just in the twentieth century, but in our nation's history. Although lacking a grand scheme or single plan to transform the role of the national government, the incremental measures adopted during the New Deal administration changed the federal government's role to a degree unmatched in American history.

President Roosevelt was both revered and despised. He was castigated by his critics for actions they deemed dictatorial. The more radical sector of the political spectrum on the left was often disenchanted that he did not use his presidency vigorously to undermine the power of the upper classes. But most Americans found his approach on the mark. He introduced his programs to the public in a speaking voice that reassured vast numbers of the electorate.

Probably the most realistic approach to assessing a leader is to compare him with others of similar stature and historical period. In the second quarter of the century, Roosevelt was joined on the world stage by a coterie of national leaders who were international figures, perhaps without parallel in any other era: Germany's Adolf Hitler, the Soviet Union's Josef Stalin, Britain's Winston Churchill, and Italy's Benito Mussolini. FDR's presidency ran parallel to Hitler's reignboth gained national office in early 1933 and died within days of each other in April 1945. Their styles and the consequences of their leadership could hardly have been more different: Hitler did achieve short-term economic resurgence for Germany, followed by territorial expansion, but led his nation to ultimate defeat and destruction accompanied by the loss of tens of millions of lives.

In contrast, although there were actions today considered to be inexcusable, such as the unconstitutional internment of Japanese Americans, Franklin Roosevelt left the United States as the most militarily powerful and prosperous nation on the globe. It is worth noting as well that he did this while maintaining the basic mechanism of a democratic society: elections. Presidential and congressional elections were held in 1940 and 1944, as well as congressional elections in 1942. That may not seem remarkable, but the other major democratic nation and one that is often considered a model of representative government, Great Britain, suspended elections during World War II. There were no parliamentary elections in Britain from 1935 until 1945, although by statute one should have been held no later than 1940.

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