Richard Tapper - Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan (RLE Iran D)

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
IRAN

TRIBE AND STATE IN IRAN AND
AFGHANISTAN

TRIBE AND STATE IN IRAN AND
AFGHANISTAN

Edited by
RICHARD TAPPER

Volume 32

First published in 1983

This edition first published in 2011

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge

270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1983 R. Tapper

Printed and bound in Great Britain

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or

utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now

known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any

information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the

publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 13: 978-0-415-57033-6 (Set)

eISBN 13: 978-0-203-83010-9 (Set)

ISBN 13: 978-0-415-61056-8 (Volume 32)

eISBN 13: 978-0-203-83208-0 (Volume 32)

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but

points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would

welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

The Conflict
of Tribe and State
in Iran and Afghanistan

Edited by

RICHARD TAPPER

CROOM HELM
London & Canberra
ST. MARTINS PRESS
New York

1983 R. Tapper

Croom Helm Ltd, Provident House, Burrell Row,

Beckenham, Kent BR3 1 AT

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

The Conflict of tribe and state in Iran and

Afghanistan.

1. Iran History

2. Afghanistan History

I. Tapper, Richard

955DS295

ISBN 0709924402

All rights reserved. For information write:

St. Martins Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010

First published in the United States of America in 1983

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

The Conflict of tribe and state in Iran and Afghanistan.

Based on papers from a conference held at the Scool

of Oriental and African Studies in London, July, 1979.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Tribes and tribal system Iran Congresses.

2. Tribes and tribal system Afghanistan Congresses.

3. Iran Social life and customs Congresses. 4. Iran

Politics and government Congresses. 5. Afghanistan

Social life and customs Congresses. 6. Afghanistan

Politics and government Congresses. I. Tapper, Richard.

DS58.C661983305.80095583-3112

ISBN 0312162324 (St. Martins)

Printed in Great Britain

by Billing & Son Ltd, Worcester

CONTENTS

1.	by Richard Tapper
2.	by Rob Hager
3.	by Jon W. Anderson
4.	by Malcolm Yapp
5.	by Akbar S. Ahmed
6.	by Bernt Glatzer
7.	by Nancy Tapper
8.	by Philip Carl Salzman
9.	by Lois Beck
10.	by Gene R. Garthwaite
11.	by Jean-Pierre Digard
12.	by David Brooks
13.	by Martin van Bruinessen
14.	by Richard Tapper
15.	by Ernest Gellner
16.	by Andrew Strathern

LIST OF MAPS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN NOTES

AA American Anthropologist

AE American Ethnologist

Annales Annales: Economies, Socits, Civilisations

AQ Anthropological Quarterly

AUFS Reports American Universities Field Staff Reports (Hanover, NH)

BSOAS Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

EI Encyclopedia of Islam

FO Foreign Office Records, Public Record Office, London

IJMES International Journal of Middle East Studies

IOL India Office Library and Records, London

IS Iranian Studies

JRAI Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute

JRCAS Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society

JRGS Journal of the Royal Geographical Society

LPS L/P&S, Political and Secret Department, India Office Records

MEJ Middle East Journal

MERIP Reports Middle East Research and Information Project Reports

MIDCC M. Bonine and N. Keddie (eds.), Modern Iran: The Dialectics of Continuity and Change (SUNY Press, Albany, 1981)

PPS Equipe Ecologie et Anthropologie des Socits Pastorales (eds.), Pastoral Production and Society (Maison des Sciences de lHomme, Paris/Cambridge University Press, 1979)

ZKORGO Zapiski Kavkazskago Otdela Imperatorskago Russkago Geograficheskago Obshchestva

PREFACE

In 1978 and 1979, revolutions in Afghanistan and Iran marked a shift in the balance of power in South West Asia and the world. Since then, indeed, events in both countries have regularly dominated the media. Shaken by Khumeynis overthrow of the Shah and the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, the world has once more been made aware that tribalism is no anachronism in a struggle for political and cultural self-determination. In both countries there has been the sort of tribal resurgence that so often in the past accompanied political upheavals such as they are now experiencing.

The Shah of Iran, miscalculating the strength of opposition to the secularism, excesses and western orientation of his regime, fell, with a suddenness and completeness that confounded the predictions of almost all the experts, to a genuine popular revolution led by the remarkable Ayatullah Khumeyni. In Afghanistan, where a palace revolution in 1973 had replaced the 200-year-old Durrani monarchy with a Republic headed by the last Kings cousin, the government was unable or unwilling to put into effect its programme of reform, but here too the socialist military coup in March 1978 came sooner than expected by most experts, who also failed to predict the scale of the subsequent Soviet military intervention at the end of 1979.

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