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Brigid OFarrell - She Was One of Us: Eleanor Roosevelt and the American Worker

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Although born to a life of privilege and married to the President of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt was a staunch and lifelong advocate for workers and, for more than twenty-five years, a proud member of the AFL-CIOs Newspaper Guild. She Was One of Us tells for the first time the story of her deep and lasting ties to the American labor movement. Brigid OFarrell follows Rooseveltone of the most admired and, in her time, controversial women in the worldfrom the tenements of New York City to the White House, from local union halls to the convention floor of the AFL-CIO, from coal mines to political rallies to the United Nations.

Roosevelt worked with activists around the world to develop a shared vision of labor rights as human rights, which are central to democracy. In her view, everyone had the right to a decent job, fair working conditions, a living wage, and a voice at work. She Was One of Us provides a fresh and compelling account of her activities on behalf of workers, her guiding principles, her circle of friendsincluding Rose Schneiderman of the Womens Trade Union League and the garment unions and Walter Reuther, the most dangerous man in Detroitand her adversaries, such as the influential journalist Westbrook Pegler, who attacked her as a dilettante and her labor allies as thugs and extortioners. As OFarrell makes clear, Roosevelt was not afraid to take on opponents of workers rights or to criticize labor leaders if they abused their power; she never wavered in her support for the rank and file.

Today, union membership has declined to levels not seen since the Great Depression, and the silencing of American workers has contributed to rising inequality. In She Was One of Us, Eleanor Roosevelts voice can once again be heard by those still working for social justice and human rights.

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She Was One of Us Eleanor Roosevelt and the American Worker Brigid OFarrell ILR - photo 1
She Was One of Us
Eleanor Roosevelt and the American Worker
Brigid OFarrell
ILR Press
an imprint of
Cornell University Press
Ithaca and London
Throughout the crowded years of her lifetime, Eleanor Roosevelt was the tireless champion of working men and women. Wherever there were battles to be foughtfor minimum wage or social securityon behalf of sharecroppers or migratory workersagainst the unspeakable evils of discrimination, segregation or child laborfor the union shop or against spurious right-to-work lawsthere you could find Eleanor Roosevelt. She was an ardent advocate of the ideals of the United Nationsthe architect of its Human Rights programon our sidefighting for our right to organizebut more than that: she was one of us.
Eleanor Roosevelt Memorial Fund Pamphlet, AFL-CIO, 1963.
For Joyce L. Kornbluh
Contents
Abbreviations Used in Text
ACWAAmalgamated Clothing Workers of America
AF of LAmerican Federation of Labor
AFL-CIOAmerican Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
BSCPBrotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
CIOCongress of Industrial Organizations
CIO-PACCIO Political Action Committee
EREleanor Roosevelt
ERAEqual Rights Amendment
GuildAmerican Newspaper Guild, The Newspaper Guild (TNG)
HUACHouse Un-American Activities Committee
IBEWInternational Brotherhood of Electrical Workers
ICFTUInternational Confederation of Free Trade Unions
ILGWUInternational Ladies Garment Workers Union
ILOInternational Labor Organization
IUEInternational Union of Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers
NAACPNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NCFNational Civic Federation
NCPACNational Citizens Political Action Committee
NGOnongovernmental organization
NIRANational Industrial Recovery Act
NLRBNational Labor Relations Board
NRANational Recovery Administration
NYWTULNew York Womens Trade Union League
OPMOffice of Production Management
ORTOrganization for Rehabilitation through Training
SCHWSouthern Conference on Human Welfare
TWOCTextile Workers Organizing Committee
TWUATextile Workers Union of America
UAWUnited Automobile Workers
UEUnited Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers
UMWUnited Mine Workers
USWAUnited Steelworkers of America
WPAWorks Progress Administration
WTULWomens Trade Union League
Prologue
She Was One of Us
Though she was born to a life of privilege and married to the president of the United States, the first lady was a working journalist and a union member. In late December 1936 Eleanor Roosevelt celebrated the first anniversary of her syndicated My Day column by joining the American Newspaper Guild. Carefully named to avoid alienating potential members with the word union, the Guild had organized reporters, held its first convention, and signed its first contract just three years earlier, at the beginning of President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal. ER, as she signed her letters to FDR, made clear at her January 5 press conference that she could not go on strike or walk a picket line, but, she explained, I do believe in the things the guild is trying to do and I was told that I could join on that basis. The front page headline above her smiling picture in the Guild Reporter shouted New Member.
Eleanor Roosevelt was one of the most popular yet at the same time most vilified public figures of the twentieth century. She was consistently ranked as the most admired woman in the country during her lifetime, and a survey of historians rated her the most influential. Working people wrote to her directly about their problems, seeking empathy and action; she was their champion. In response to her support for labor, closely intertwined with her outspoken defense of civil rights and civil liberties, she was criticized by politicians, fellow journalists, and ordinary citizens. She had an extensive FBI file and was frequently accused of being a communist. Hate mail and death threats followed her across the country.
The exceptionally full and complex life of Eleanor Roosevelt has been described and interpreted by historians as well as psychologists, playwrights, family members, and friends. In this book we see her life through the eyes of American workers. Using their own words and hers as much as possible we trace her footsteps from the tenements of New York City to the White House, from local union halls to the convention floor of the AFL-CIO, from coal mines to political rallies to the chambers of the United Nations. Her compelling vision of labor rights as human rights was widely known during her lifetime but has been marginalized or forgotten since her death. By carefully examining ERs commitment to workers and her enduring partnership with the labor movement through the dramatic struggles of the first half of the twentieth century, we gain new insights into how her values were shaped and strengthened and how her commitments were translated into actions. Equally important, we return human rights to their central place in labor history.
The Roosevelts ties to the labor movement were threaded through their lives together. Eleanor introduced Franklin to the tenements and sweatshops of the Lower East Side of Manhattan at the turn of the twentieth century. They learned about the world of skilled trade union men when Franklin was a state senator in Albany and then assistant secretary of the navy in Washington, DC. ER began advocating for workers rights in the 1920s through her close friendship with Rose Schneiderman, a cap maker by trade and a fiery union organizer by vocation, who introduced the Roosevelts to the Womens Trade Union League.
As ERs reform ideas developed, her mutually beneficial relationship with labor deepened. Her dialogue with labor activists clarified issues that arose in the workplace and in politics. At the same time, organized labor provided a grass-roots platform for her broader reform agenda. During her twelve years as first lady, she built on her accomplishments and skills to expand her labor concerns beyond the problems of working women to include economic and social rights for all workers. After FDRs death she took her agenda to the United Nations, where she led an international team to craft the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which included the right to join a union.
For Eleanor Roosevelt, helping people achieve better lives by taking individual responsibility and then acting collectively to remedy problems was a cornerstone of democracy, in good and bad economic times, during war and peace. She saw these convictions embodied in the labor movement. Labor leaders, including Walter Reuther, the visionary young president of the emerging United Automobile Workers, earned her praise and became her close friends. She criticized leaders who abused their power, but never wavered in her support for the rank and file. One of her adversaries, however, the influential journalist Westbrook Pegler, attacked ER as a dilettante and her labor allies as thugs.
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