SHOPPING WHILE BLACK
Shopping While Black: Consumer Racial Profiling in America lays out the results of nearly two decades of research on racial profiling in retail settings.
Gabbidon and Higgins address the generally neglected racial profiling that occurs in retail settings. Although there is no existing national database on shoplifting or consumer racial profiling (CRP) from which to study the problem, they survey relevant legal cases and available data sources. This problem clearly affects a large number of racial/ethnic minorities, and causes real harm to the victims, such as the emotional trauma attached to being excessively monitored in stores and, in the worst-case scenarios, falsely accused of shoplifting. Their analysis is informed by their own experience: one co-author is a former security executive for a large retailer, and both are Black men who understand firsthand the sting of being profiled because of their color. After providing an overview of the history of CRP and the official and unofficial data sources and criminological literature on this topic, they address public opinion polls, as well as the extent and impact of victimization. They also provide a review of CRP litigation, provide recommendations for retailers to reduce racial profiling, and also chart some directions for future research.
This book is appropriate for researchers as well as advanced undergraduates and graduate students in Criminology, Black Studies, Ethnic Studies, Sociology, Security Studies, and Law programs, and will be of interest to the general reader.
Shaun L. Gabbidon is a distinguished professor in criminal justice at Penn State Harrisburg. He is a graduate in PhD in criminology at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. He has served as a fellow at Harvard Universitys W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for Afro-American Research and has taught at the Center for African American Studies at the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Gabbidon was recently named a fellow of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences. He has authored more than 100 scholarly publications including 13 books and 70 peer-reviewed articles, his most recent books include the fifth edition of the co-authored text Race and Crime (2019; SAGE) and the co-edited book Building a Black Criminology: Race, Theory, and Crime (2019; Routledge). He currently serves as the editor of the Journal of Criminal Justice Education. Prior to entering academe, Dr. Gabbidon worked as a security executive for a major retailer. In recent years, he has served as an expert witness in consumer racial profiling cases and as an anti-racial profiling consultant. Dr. Gabbidon can be reached at .
George E. Higgins is professor in the department of criminal justice at the University of Louisville. He received his PhD in criminology from Indiana University of Pennsylvania in 2001. Dr. Higgins is the recipient of numerous international, national, and regional awards for his scholarship and research, teaching, leadership, and service. He is the author of more than 200 scholarly publications including 200 peer-reviewed articles, and 9 books. His most recent publications appear or are forthcoming in Journal of Criminal Justice, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Justice Quarterly, Deviant Behavior, and Youth and Society.
CRIMINOLOGY AND JUSTICE STUDIES
Series Editor: Shaun L. Gabbidon, Penn State Harrisburg
Criminology and Justice Studies publishes books for undergraduate and graduate courses that model the best scholarship and innovative thinking in the criminology and criminal justice field today, but in a style that connects this scholarship to a wide audience of students, researchers, and possibly the general public.
Questioning Capital Punishment
Law, Policy, and Practice
James R. Acker
Criminal Justice Theory
Explaining the Nature and Behavior of Criminal Justice, 2nd Edition
Edited by David E. Duffee and Edward R. Maguire
Research Methods in Crime and Justice, 2nd Edition
Brian Withrow
Voices from Criminal Justice
Insider Perspectives, Outsider Experiences, 2nd Edition
Edited by Heith Copes and Mark Pogrebin
Human Trafficking
Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 2nd Edition
Edited by Mary C. Burke
Criminological Perspectives on Race and Crime, 4th Edition
Shaun L. Gabbidon
Shopping While Black
Consumer Racial Profiling in America
Shaun L. Gabbidon and George E. Higgins
For more information about this series, please visit:
https://www.routledge.com/Criminology-and-Justice-Studies/book-series/CRIMJUSTSTUDIES
SHOPPING WHILE BLACK
Consumer Racial Profiling in America
Shaun L. Gabbidon
George E. Higgins
First published 2020
by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2020 Taylor & Francis
The right of Shaun L. Gabbidon and George E. Higgins to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gabbidon, Shaun L., 1967- author. | Higgins, George E., author.
Title: Shopping while black : consumer racial profiling in America / Shaun L. Gabbidon & George E. Higgins.
Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Criminology and justice studies | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020002893 (print) | LCCN 2020002894 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367483203 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367482244 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003039303 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Racial profiling in law enforcement--United States. | Shoplifting--United States. | African American consumers. | Race discrimination--United States. | Stores, Retail--Security measures--United States.
Classification: LCC HV7936.R3 .G33 2020 (print) | LCC HV7936.
R3 (ebook) | DDC 363.2/308996073--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020002893
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020002894
ISBN: 978-0-367-48320-3 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-48224-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-03930-3 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Lumina Datamatics Limited
CONTENTS
This book is the result of two decades of research on shopping while Black (also referred to as consumer racial profiling, or CRP). Consumer racial profiling occurs when a shopper is singled out for unwarranted bad treatment/service and/or criminal suspicion based on their racial/ethnic background. It is notable that, in addition to one of us (Shaun) being a former security executive for a major corporation where unusual surveillance practices were noticed on the part of store employees, we are both Black men who understand firsthand the sting of being profiled because of color albeit whether it is while driving, shopping or in any other contexts. Unfortunately, as we note in the book, for a variety of reasons scholars have generally neglected profiling that occurs in retail settings, and more generally the offense of shoplifting.1 This is likely somewhat the result of the fact that there is no easily accessible national database from which to study the problem. Despite this impediment, we have continued to study the problem because racial profiling in retail settings is a topic that needs to be discussed on a wider scale than solely within disciplinary contexts. It is a problem that clearly affects a large number of racial/ethnic minorities and causes real harm to the victims, such as the emotional trauma attached to being falsely accused of shoplifting.2