Ragaei el Mallakh - Qatar (RLE Economy of Middle East)
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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
THE ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE EAST
THE ECONOMY OF THE MIDDLE EAST
Volume 26
QATAR
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL ECONOMY
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL ECONOMY
First published in 1979
This edition first published in 2014
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
1979 Ragaei El Mallakh
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-138-78710-0 (Set)
eISBN: 978-1-315-74408-7 (Set)
ISBN: 978-1-138-81007-5 (Volume 26)
eISBN: 978-1-315-74451-3 (Volume 26)
Publisher's Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.
1979 Ragaei El Mallakh
Croom Helm Ltd, 210 St Johns Road, London SW11
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
El Mallakh, Ragaei
Qatar.
1. Petroleum industry and trade Qatar 2. Qatar
Economic conditions 3. Economic development
I. Title
338.27282095363 HD9577.Q
ISBN 0-85664-848-5
Printed in Great Britain by offset lithography by
Billing & Sons Ltd, Guildford, London and Worcester
CONTENTS
Tables
This volume is dedicated to my parents-in-law, for their encouragement over the years and because of their deep interest in and concern for the Arab World.
For almost two decades now I have been involved in studying the Gulf region and its economic development. The absence of an in-depth examination of the economy of Qatar led me to prepare this volume, the goal of which is to present the economic underpinnings of that countrys present growth and future development. This small but strategic Arab state juts into the Gulf, about midway between the head of that body of water at Kuwait and Iraq and the Strait of Hormuz, which links it with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea.
Qatar shares certain characteristics with its Gulf neighbours, primarily the presence of petroleum resources, a small population, the impetus toward rapid economic development, and a capital surplus status. However, the country exhibits special features of its own.
First, education in pre-oil boom days was in advance of many other Gulf states. Numerous leading figures in that region received their training in Qatar.
Second, there is a comparatively strong attachment, by Gulf standards, to the land itself. With a history of trade and mercantile activity and despite an arid climate, Qatar has had a modest agricultural sector. The capital city of Doha, which means garden, gives an indication of this attitude.
Third, within the international oil picture, Qatar is not one of the giants. Nonetheless, in OPEC (the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) it has played its role, sometimes a critical one. The now famous December 1976 OPEC meeting took place in Doha and resulted in a brief period of two-tier pricing. And in the July (Stockholm) and December (Caracas) 1977 and the June (Geneva) 1978 OPEC sessions, Qatar joined what might be called the moderate pricing camp which brought about a price freeze in a crucial period for world energy and monetary stability.
Fourth, Qatar has been a force for stability in the region.
Fifth, the development policy for moderation but not austerity is a refreshing approach to utilising newly acquired affluence.
Finally, Qatar has achieved something of a world record in its level of foreign assistance. That aid averages about 12 per cent of the nations gross national product, the highest proportion of GNP extended internationally by any donor country.
This book seeks to survey the bases and extent of economic development in Qatar and the need to translate the petroleum-generated rapid growth into viable, self-sustaining development. A delicate balancing act is involved, based upon the non-renewable nature of oil and natural gas, that of meeting current requirements while planning for future generations. The chapters offer an introductory overview, trace the development of the oil industry, outline public financing and economic policy, sketch the issues involved in industrialisation, absorptive capacity and agricultural development, examine the social and physical infrastructure as well as money and banking and, lastly, attempt to elucidate the international and regional links in trade, foreign aid, economic cooperation efforts, and investment opportunities.
Officials and planners in Qatar know that they have a finite income or revenue base in petroleum with definable parameters. Thus, domestic, regional, and international investment of present surplus capital funds calls for priority decisions to endow such investment with some of the qualities of an income-generating project. Similarly, domestic spending programmes should result in a self-sustaining level for the Qatari economy when petroleum reserves wane in the coming decades.
The chapters will outline the present direction of government spending priorities and planned projects; future potential areas for domestic investment will be suggested. Private sector investment and spending trends are discussed, based upon the expertise, requirements, and predilections of the non-governmental segment of the economy. Management services should be a major import for Qatar for some time to come.
Hopefully, a number of readers will find this study valuable: teachers and students in such social science disciplines as economics and political science as well as area studies (Middle Eastern); those interested in investment and commerce in that region; readers with an eye to energy and international affairs in a most strategic area of the world today.
My appreciation is due to many individuals who have assisted me in the collection of materials and information. Among them are: Ambassadors Jasem Y. Jamal of the Mission of Qatar to the United Nations, New York, and Abdullah Saleh Al-Mana of the Embassy of Qatar, Washington, DC; Mr Mohamed Noor Al-Obaidly of the Mission of Qatar to the United Nations; the many Cabinet members whom I met and interviewed in Qatar; the Ministers whose offices have patiently supplied data, in particular, the Ministries of Finance and Petroleum and of Information; Mohammed Yousef Mohammed, Director of Power; Ali M. Jaidah, Secretary General of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Vienna; Dr Ahmed Abdu with the Ministry of Economy; Abdul Kadir Al-Quadi, Director of Finance; from the Ministry of Finance and Petroleum, Abdulla H. Salatt and Hamed El Ahmady; Kamal Nagy, Ministry of Education; and Kamal A. Saleh, Secretary of the Qatar Chamber of Commerce.
In the preparation of this study I have also had the cooperation and assistance of very capable staff members of the International Research Center for Energy and Economic Development: Dr Jacob Atta, Denise Benzel, Dr Mihssen Kadhim, and Frank Spann. Mrs Glenda Bolin and Mrs Stephanie Dunn faced the task of typing the manuscript which they managed with speed and unfailing good temper. Mrs Cecelia Lange assisted in proofing. Finally, my wife Dr Dorothea El Mallakh served as an unofficial editor; her knowledge of the Gulf and her associate editorship of the
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