April Carter - Peace Movements: International Protest and World Politics Since 1945

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PEACE MOVEMENTS

The Postwar World

General Editors: A.J. Nicholls and Martin S. Alexander

As distance puts events into perspective, and as evidence accumulates, it begins to be possible to form an objective historical view of our recent past. The Postwar World is an ambitious new series providing a scholarly but readable account of the way our world has been shaped in the crowded years since the Second World War. Some volumes will deal with regions, or even single nations, others with important themes; all will be written by expert historians drawing on the latest scholarship as well as their own research and judgements. The series should be particularly welcome to students, but it is designed also for the general reader with an interest in contemporary history.

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Peace Movements: International Protest and World Politics since 1945

April Carter

Peace Movements

International Protest and World Politics since 1945

April Carter

First published 1992 by Longman Group UK Limited

Published 2014 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1992, Taylor & Francis.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.

To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.

ISBN13: 978-0-582-02773-2 (pbk)

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Carter, April

Peace movements. (The postwar world)

I. Title II. Series

303.6

ISBN 0582027748
ISBN 058202773X pbk

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Carter, April.

Peace movements / April Carter.

p. cm. (The Postwar world)

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0582027748 (csd). ISBN 058202773X (ppr)

1. Peace movementsHistory. I. Title. II. Series.

JX1952.C363 1992

327. 17209dc20 913953

CIP

AC

Contents

ABM	See glossary of strategic terms
CFDT	Confderation franaise dmocratique de travail (Democratic Confederation of Labour)
CIA	Central Intelligence Agency (in USA)
CND	Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
CO	Conscientious Objector
CODENE	Comit pour le Dsarmament Nucleaire (Committee for Nuclear Disarmament)
CSCE	Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
EEC	European Economic Community
END	European Nuclear Disarmament
FBI	Federal Bureau of Investigation (in USA)
FDP	Frei Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party)
FOR(I)	Fellowship of Reconciliation (International)
GDR	German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
INF	See glossary of strategic terms
IKV	Interkerkelijk Vredesberaad (Inter-Church Peace Council)
IRA	Irish Republican Army
KOS	Komitet Oporu Spolecznego (Polish Committee for Social Resistance)
MRP	Mouvement Rpublicain Populaire
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
PCI	Partito Comunisto Italiano
PLO	Palestine Liberation Organization
PSOE	Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol (Spanish Socialist Workers Party)
PSU	Parti socialiste unifi (United Socialist Party)
SALT	See glossary of strategic terms
SANE	Committee for a Sane Nuclear Policy
SDI	See glossary of strategic terms
SDP	Social Democratic Party (in Britain in 1980s)
SPD	Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (West German Social Democratic Party)
UN	United Nations
WILPF	Womens International League for Peace and Freedom
WRI	War Resisters International

ABM Anti-Ballistic Missile ABM defences developed in the USA and USSR in the 1960s were composed of missiles designed to destroy incoming ballistic missiles. A Treaty to limit ABM deployments was agreed in 1972.

cruise missile Cruise missile is a generic term to distinguish cruise missiles from ballistic missiles. Cruise missiles can be launched from the ground, sea or air. The 1979 NATO dual-track decision envisaged deployment of ground-launched cruise missiles in Western Europe, commonly denoted by peace campaigners opposing them as cruise.

INF Intermediate-range nuclear forces INF denoted the intermediate range SS 20 mobile ballistic missiles being deployed by the Soviet Union inside the USSR in the 1970s and early 1980s, NATO decided to deploy the Tomahawk ground-launched cruise missiles in 1979, and NATO also decided to deploy the Pershing II ballistic missiles in West Germany. The 1987 INF Treaty eliminated all three classes of missile in Europe and the SS 20s in the USSR.

Neutron bomb An enhanced radiation warhead designed for use on the battlefield.

SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks The SALT bilateral negotiations between the USA and USSR ran from 1969 to 1979 and were focused primarily on limiting intercontinental ballistic missiles (ground- and sea-launched) on both sides. The role of bombers and air-launched and sea-launched cruise missiles were contentious issues in the talks. The USA and USSR signed an Interim Agreement in 1972 (SALT I) and a more far-reaching treaty in 1979 (SALT II).

SDI Strategic Defence Initiative (popularly known as Star Wars). SDI was a programme launched by President Reagan in 1983 and was a much more ambitious attempt to develop defences against ballistic missiles than the earlier ABM plans, drawing on a much wider range of technologies. Supporters of arms control opposed SDI partly on the grounds that it would breach the ABM Treaty of 1972 (denied by the administration).

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