| Whitehall Paper 85 |
Poaching, Wildlife Trafficking and Security in Africa
Myths and Realities
Edited by Cathy Haenlein and M L R Smith
A joint publication from RUSI and Kings College Londons Marjan Centre for the Study of War and the Non-Human Sphere
www.rusi.org
Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies
Poaching, Wildlife Trafficking and Security in Africa: Myths and Realities
Edited by Cathy Haenlein and M L R Smith
First published 2016
Whitehall Papers series
Series Editor: Professor Malcolm Chalmers
Editor: Dr Emma De Angelis
RUSI is a Registered Charity (No. 210639)
ISBN 978-1-138-74377-9
Published on behalf of the Royal United Services Institute for Defence
and Security Studies
by
Routledge Journals, an imprint of Taylor & Francis, 4 Park Square,
Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RN
Cover Image: Guards from the Kenya Wildlife Service protect pyres of elephant tusks in Nairobi National Park in preparation for an ivory burn, April 2016. Courtesy of Alamy/Alissa Everett.
SUBSCRIPTIONS
Please send subscription orders to:
USA/Canada: Taylor & Francis Inc., Journals Department, 530 Walnut Street, Suite 850, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
UK/Rest of World: Routledge Journals, T&F Customer Services, T&F Informa UK Ltd, Sheepen Place, Colchester, Essex CO3 3LP, UK
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Contents
Cathy Haenlein and M L R Smith
Rosaleen Duffy and Jasper Humphreys
Stphane Crayne and Cathy Haenlein
Cathy Haenlein, Thomas Maguire and Keith Somerville
Tim Wittig
Cathy Haenlein and M L R Smith
Cathy Haenlein is a Research Fellow in RUSIs National Security and Resilience Studies group, where she leads research on environmental crime. She is also a Research Associate at Kings College Londons Marjan Centre for the Study of War and the Non-Human Sphere, where she lectures on wildlife trafficking and its intersections with other forms of criminality. Cathys research focuses on East Africa: she has conducted fieldwork on wildlife trafficking, illegal fishing and other forms of organised crime in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Madagascar and the Seychelles. Cathy previously worked for various international NGOs, including as a Project Development Specialist based in Madagascar, focusing on environmental programmes.
Professor M L R Smith is Professor of Strategic Theory and Head of the Department of War Studies at Kings College London. He is co-founder and Academic Director of the Marjan Centre for the Study of War and the Non-Human Sphere at Kings College London. He has a particular interest in the impact of warfare on animals. Among his recent publications on this topic are: War and Wildlife: The Clausewitz Connection, International Affairs (Vol. 87, No. 1, 2011) (with Jasper Humphreys); Of Warriors, Poachers and Peacekeepers: Protecting Wildlife After Conflict, Cooperation and Conflict (Vol. 48, No. 4, 2013) (with Saskia Rotshuizen); and The Rhinofication of South African Security, International Affairs (Vol. 90, No. 4, 2014) (with Jasper Humphreys).
Stphane Crayne is a consultant on wildlife protection strategies in Central Africa and is currently Chief Technical Advisor in the Okapi Wildlife Reserve in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Combining fieldwork and theory, he is also a Research Associate at the Marjan Centre for the Study of War and the Non-Human Sphere, Kings College London. As a former French army officer and adviser to the WWF in the Central African Republic, he fosters a multidisciplinary approach to conservation in conflict zones, specialising in providing technical support to protected area management, as well as anti-poaching and security.
Professor Rosaleen Duffy is Professor of International Politics at the University of Sheffield. Her research focuses on the politics of conservation, wildlife trafficking, poaching, transfrontier conservation and ecotourism. Her most recent books include Nature Crime: How Were Getting Conservation Wrong (Yale University Press, 2010) and Nature Unbound: Conservation, Capitalism and the Future of Protected Areas (Earthscan, 2008) (with Dan Brockington and James Igoe). In September 2016, Rosaleen initiated a four-year, 1.8-million research project entitled Biodiversity and Security: Understanding Environmental Crime, Illegal Wildlife Trade and Threat Finance, funded by the European Research Council.
Jasper Humphreys is Director of External Relations at the Marjan Centre for the Study of War and the Non-Human Sphere, Kings College London. He has published extensively on strategic issues relating to poaching and wildlife trafficking, following a BA in War Studies (2010) as a mature student. Recent publications have included War and Wildlife: The Clausewitz Connection, International Affairs (Vol. 87, No. 1, 2011) and The Rhinofication of South African Security, International Affairs (Vol. 90, No. 4, 2014) (both with M L R Smith). Hitherto, Jasper was a journalist, working for various British national newspapers as a general reporter.
Dr Thomas Maguire is a Junior Research Fellow at Darwin College and the Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Cambridge. He is also a Project Coordinator and Research Associate at the Department of War Studies, Kings College London. In 201415, Tom was a Visiting Fellow at RUSI, where he led a year-long research project examining connections between ivory trafficking, organised crime and terrorist financing in East Africa. He has published widely on this and other issues, including the influence of intelligence, interrogation and propaganda on counterinsurgency and the place of intelligence and propaganda in British and American Cold War statecraft.
Professor Keith Somerville is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies and teaches at the Centre for Journalism, University of Kent. He is currently researching the nature and effects of humanwildlife conflict in Africa and the history of South African radio propaganda under Apartheid. His book Ivory: Power and Poaching in Africa, on the history and political economy of the ivory trade in Africa, was published by Hurst in November 2016. Keiths previous books include Africas Long Road since Independence: The Many Histories of a Continent (Hurst, 2016) and Radio Propaganda and the Broadcasting of Hatred (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012).
Dr Tim Wittig is a scholar-practitioner, author and educator in the fields of illicit trafficking and finance. He is currently Senior Wildlife Trafficking Analyst with the Wildlife Conservation Society, and has previously worked for the US Department of Defense, US National Defense University, Johns Hopkins University and the University of Amsterdam. He is the author of numerous publications, including