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Kyle Longley (Author) - Senator Albert Gore, Sr.: Tennessee Maverick (Southern Biography Series)

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Best remembered as the father of Vice President Al Gore, Albert Gore, Sr., worked tirelessly in politics himself, a Democratic congressman and senator from 1939 to 1971 and a representative of southern liberalism and American reformism. In the first comprehensive biography of Gore, Kyle Longley has produced an incisive portrait of a significant American political leader and an arresting narrative of the shaping of a southern and American political tradition. His research includes archival sources from across the country as well as interviews with Gores colleagues, friends, and family.
Longley describes how the native of Possum Hollow, Tennessee, became known during his political career as a maverick, a man who, according to one journalist, would rock almost anybodys boat. For his actions, Gore often paid a heavy price, personally and professionally. Overshadowed by others in Congress such as Lyndon Johnson, J. William Fulbright, Richard Russell, and Barry Goldwater, Gore nonetheless played a major role on the important issues of taxes, the Interstate Highway system, civil rights, nuclear power and arms control, and the Vietnam War.
Longley situates Gore as part of a generation of politicians who matured on the messages of William Jennings Bryan, Woodrow Wilson, and Franklin Roosevelt. In the South, Gore belonged to a staunch group of liberals who battled traditional conservative forces, often within their own party. He and others such as Estes Kefauver, Frank Porter Graham, and Ralph Yarborough set the stage for subsequent generations, including that of Jimmy Carter and Jim Sasser, and later Bill Clinton, Al Gore, Jr., and John Edwards. From his career shines one encapsulating moment in 1952: squared off on the floor of the Senate against Strom Thurmond, who wanted Gore to sign the Southern Manifesto declaring southern resistance to desegregation, Gore responded simply, classically, Hell no.

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SOUTHERN BIOGRAPHY SERIES
Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Editor
SENATOR ALBERT GORE, SR.
TENNESSEE MAVERICK
KYLE LONGLEY
WITH A FOREWORD BY AL GORE, JR.
LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS
BATON ROUGE
Picture 1
Copyright 2004 by Louisiana State University Press
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
FIRST PRINTING
DESIGNER: Andrew Shurtz
TYPEFACES: Janson Text, ITC Franklin Gothic
TYPESETTER: Coghill Composition Co., Inc.
PRINTER AND BINDER: Thomson-Shore, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Longley, Kyle.
Senator Albert Gore, Sr.: Tennessee maverick / Kyle Longley.
p. cm. (Southern biography series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8071-2980-1 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Gore, Albert, 1907 2. LegislatorsUnited StatesBiography. 3. United States. Congress. SenateBiography. 4. TennesseePolitics and government1951I. Title. II. Series.
E748.G689L66 2004
328.73'092dc22
2004011048
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Picture 2
To my parents, Joe and Chan
CONTENTS
, by Al Gore, Jr.
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOREWORD
I AM PLEASED that Kyle Longley has come forward with a scholarly presentation highlighting the career of my late father, Albert Gore, Sr. As a son, I continue to miss him in a personal way. And as a citizen, I wish that our nation could hear his voice again right now as we struggle with pressing issues in these perilous times.
My father personified the American dream. He never forgot what it was like to grow up on a hard-scrabble farm in the Appalachian foothills, or what it was like to try to instill in feisty students in a one-room school a desire to learn, or what it was like finally to earn a college degree after holding a variety of jobs during hard economic times. Those experiences made him what he was, and they were experiences he recalled vividly many times as he shared them with my sister and me when we were young.
Many of those who have scrutinized my fathers thirty-two years in Washington have referred to his independence, his courage, his talent, his perseverance, his righteousness, and his idealized sense of public service as a sacred trust. He was a man of honor and incredible dedication. It seems clear to me that we need more men and women in government today who demonstrate similar traits.
One of my fascinations in growing up was listening to my father speak at public functions. On the campaign trail, he was a spirited, colorful orator of the old school. Whether it was on the courthouse lawn in a county seat town or in the United States Senate, his remarksusually with a challenging conclusion but sprinkled with animated humorwere not soon forgotten by those who heard him.
As this biography reveals, many of the important legislative issues that captured my fathers attention coincided with significant events in American history, covering the crucial period leading up to World War II and extending through the cold war and the Vietnam War. Professor Longley admirably digs deeply to explore my fathers stances on important matters both domestically and internationally. A visionary, my father was often ahead of his time with his informed but sometimes immovable positions on legislation. Indeed, he was sometimes stubborn in holding to fixed conclusions about issuesespecially when he felt an important principle was involvedoften to his political detriment. But, in retrospect, history has been kind to him.
My father loved his country and dedicated his adult life to making it better. To borrow an old Tennessee saying, he was something else! Through exhaustive research and clarity of language, Professor Longley has been able to offer readers a keen insight into the fascinating career of Albert Gore, Sr.
AL GORE, JR.
May 2004
PREFACE
IN NOVEMBER 2000, a week after the presidential election, I traveled to Murfreesboro and Middle Tennessee State University on a research trip. The entire country remained transfixed on the Florida recount. In the ensuing debates, one of the perplexing questions asked was why Vice President Al Gore had failed to carry his home state, which would have made the events in Florida irrelevant. As I drove back to Murfreesboro from an interview in Nashville, a car suddenly sped by with a prominent Bush/Cheney bumper sticker. On the back window, written in large characters with shoe polish, was God, Guts, and Guns = Republican Platform.
Though the person driving the car may not have realized it, he had taken the saying from a Ku Klux Klan slogan: God, Guts, and Guns Made America Free. Lets Keep All Three. As I thought about the matter, I recognized a historical continuity. In 1970, Bill Brock defeated Senator Albert Gore Sr. by running a campaign that bore a striking resemblance to George W. Bushs. The Republicans in 2000 had taken Tennessee by attacking Gore on school prayer and abortion, racially sensitive issues of vouchers and gun control, and national defense. In 1970, the Republicans had assailed the elder Gores votes on gun control and school prayer, his opposition to the Vietnam War, and his support of civil rights. The margin of defeat in Tennessee was remarkably similar for the two men. These facts reinforced to me the value of my writing a biography of the elder Gore.
I had not been attracted to the topic until I made a trip to Middle Tennessee State University in 1994 for a job interview. While there, I met Jim Neal, the archivist of Senator Gores papers. Knowing my interest in U.S. foreign relations, he encouraged me to investigate the possibility of writing a biography of Senator Gore. He pointed out that there were several articles, theses, and dissertations about him, but no monographs. I filed the recommendation away because at the time I was finishing a study of the U.S. relationship with Jos Figueres, the Costa Rican nationalist and progressive leader. I took a different job and did not have the opportunity to explore the suggestion immediately.
It would be a couple of more years before I finished my other work, but I kept Dr. Neals suggestion in the back of my mind. I did a little reading and became more interested. Once I dove fully into the subject in late 1997,I came away with a new appreciation of Senator Gore. Beyond his relationship with his son, he was a fascinating character in his own right, and I could not believe the good fortune that no one had written a full-length biography of him.
I am indebted to many people in the long and arduous task of completing this work. First, there is the long list of archivists and personnel at many different sites. In particular, I must thank Jim Neal and his successor Lisa Pruitt, as well as their assistant Betty Rowland, at the Gore Center for their innumerable hours of helping me sift through the thousands of folders and boxes in Senator Gores collection. Many others, including Michael Parrish at the LBJ Library (now at Baylor University), Donald Ritchie in the Senate Historical Office, and David Haight at the Dwight Eisenhower Library, helped me as I gathered information at depositories throughout the country. I must also thank Dr. Parrish and Dr. Ritchie for taking the time to read the manuscript and make insightful comments and recommendations.
There are other scholars who helped shape this manuscript into its final form. They include colleagues Robert Johnson, Randall Woods, Jeff Woods, LeRoy Ashby, Robert Brigham, Walter LaFeber, Jim Siekmeier, Michael Martin, Tony Badger, James Gardner, Elizabeth Cobbs-Hoffman, Dewey Grantham, Hugh Davis Graham, Marshall Eakin, Thomas Schwartz, Patrick Cox, and Nick Sarantakes. My past and current colleagues at Arizona State University including Vicki Ruiz, Brooks Simpson, Ed Escobar, Gayle Gullett, Philip Vandermeer, and Peter Iverson have been particularly supportive and provided numerous insights. I also benefited from the assistance of several graduate students, including Eve Carr, Jaime Ruiz, Richard Kitchen, and Bruce Zachary, each of whom helped with the project at various times. I am especially grateful to my department chair, Noel Stowe, who assisted in finding additional research funds to complete this project.
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