KRATOSKA P - South East Asia Colonl Hist V3

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SOUTH EAST ASIA Colonial History

SOUTH EAST ASIA Colonial History

Edited by Paul H. Kratoska

Volume III

High Imperialism (1890s1930s)

First published 2001by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RN

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

First issued in hardback 2019

Editorial matter and selection 2001 Paul H. Kratoska;

Individual owners retain copyright in their own material

Typeset in Times by RefineCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

South East Asia, colonial history / edited by Paul H. Kratoska.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 0-415-21539-0

1. Asia, Southeastern-History. 2. Imperialism-Asia, Southeastern-

History. I. Kratoska, Paul H.

DS526.4 .S65 2001

959dc21 00-068359

ISBN 9780-415-21539-8 (set)

ISBN 978-0-415-21542-8 (volume 3) (hbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003101680

The publishers have made every effort to contact authors/copyright holders of works reprinted in South East Asia: Colonial History. This has not been possible in every case, however, and we would welcome correspondence from those individuals/companies whom we have been unable to trace.

References within each chapter are as they appeared in the original complete work.

CONTENTS

• VOLUME III High Imperialism (1890s1930s)
• Introduction to Volume III
• General
  1. Efficiency, Welfare and Commerce in South East Asia J. S. FURNIVALL
  2. Plantations and Scientific Agriculture CHARLES ROBEQUAIN
• Netherlands Indies
• General
  1. The Netherlands Indies LENNOX A. MILLS
  2. Netherlands Indias Neglected Islands JACK SHEPHERD
• Economy
  1. The Significance of Netherlands Indian Economics J. H. BOEKE
  2. Changing Economic Policy PETER BOOMGAARD
  3. Paradoxical Developments of a Colonial System P. CREUTZBERG
  4. The Netherlands Colonial Balance Sheet A. VANDENBOSCH
• Education
  1. Education J. S. FURNIVALL
• Health and Welfare
  1. Medical Contributions from the Netherlands Indies I. SNAPPER
• British Burma
• General
  1. Burma LENNOX A. MILLS
• Economy
  1. Commerce, Industry, and Labor JOHN LEROY CHRISTIAN
  2. The Pre-War Anatomy of the Indian Community in Burma USHA MAHAJANI
• Education
  1. Burma, 18701940: Education J. S. FURNIVALL
• British Malaya
  1. British Malaya LENNOX A. MILLS
  2. Some Thoughts on the Economic Development of Malaya under British Administration J. H. DRABBLE
  3. Health and Health Services in British Malaya in the 1920s J. NORMAN PALMER
  4. Immigration and Permanent Settlement of Chinese and Indians in Malaya: And the Future Growth of the Malay and Chinese Communities T. E. SMITH
• British Borneo
  1. The State of North Borneo 18811946 GEORGE McT. KAHIN
  2. Administrative Policy and Practice in Sarawak: Continuity and Change Under the Brookes JON M. REINHARDT
• French Indochina
• General
  1. French Indo-China LENNOX A. MILLS
• Economy
  1. Indo-China: Economic Development STEPHEN H. ROBERTS
  2. Indo-ChinaFrances Great Stake in the Far East VIRGINIA THOMPSON
• The Philippines
• General
  1. Thirty Years of AmericanFilipino Relations, 18991929 J. W. WHEELER-BENNETT
  2. Nation Building PETER W. STANLEY
• Economy
  1. Philippine Economic Development and American Policy: A Reappraisal NORMAN G. OWEN
  2. Philippine Industries Today and Tomorrow CATHERINE PORTER
  3. The Philippines as an American Investment CATHERINE PORTER
• Education
  1. Initiation of American Education and Education Policy J. S. FURNIVALL

HIGH IMPERIALISM (1890s1930s)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003101680-1

INTRODUCTION

DOI: 10.4324/9781003101680-2

Western imperialism in South East Asia reached its apogee early in the twentieth century. By this time, political control was firmly established, basic infrastructure was in place, and imperialism was beginning to produce positive economic results. Schemes to gain access to the China trade through South East Asia had come to little, but raw materials from the region were profitable, and new crops generated impressive returns. These gains, however, went to private business interests, both Western and Asian, and not to colonial governments.

Straits Produce gathered from the forests and seas of the Indonesian archipelago had been a mainstay of regional trade for centuries, and remained an important part of the trade of Singapore after 1819. Plantation agriculture began to develop in the mid-eighteenth century in Java and Luzon, where there was land suitable for sugar, coffee, tobacco and abaca cultivation, enough surplus labour to produce these crops and, critically, sufficient food to meet the needs of the workforce. During the nineteenth century, mining and forestry became important sources of exports, and attracted workers to the region, especially from China. In some areas, such as the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, this in-migration began to bring about substantial changes in the composition of the population.

The opening of Lower Burma, the central plains of Siam, and Cochin-china for cultivation over the course of the century brought substantial quantities of inexpensive rice onto the market. In turn, the availability of cheap food made it possible for investors to develop plantation zones in forested areas along the east coast of Sumatra and the west coast of the Malay Peninsula, where large estates grew tobacco, rubber and oil palm for the export trade. Workers on these estates came from China, India and Java, and their arrival caused further demographic imbalances between migrants and local populations.

Where possible, peasant farmers planted the same crops that were grown on estates, especially rubber, and this smallholder cultivation became a major source of income for the local population. The discovery of oil in Sumatra, Borneo and Burma created yet another source of wealth for South East Asia, and the processing of primary products for export for example, oil refining in Singapore, and tin smelting in Penang and Singapore was also profitable. Imported manufactured goods, purchased with the earnings of these industries, all but destroyed local handicraft production and left the region heavily dependent on overseas sources to satisfy everyday needs.

The new export economy centred on a set of port cities, some of them colonial administrative capitals, which with a few exceptions had not been places of major importance before the development of the export economy. Those of the first tier included Manila, Makassar, Surabaya, Batavia, Medan, Singapore, Saigon, Bangkok and Rangoon. These cities became centres of finance and colonial administration, and handled much of the regions burgeoning export and import trade. They also became centres of non-traditional culture, a source of Western education, and the point of entry for new ideas in politics, science and technology. Many of the residents came from other parts of Asia, and as a result these cities differed in culture, tradition and even language from their hinterlands.

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