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Lori Handrahan - Gendering Ethnicity: Implications for Democracy Assistance

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Book:
Gendering Ethnicity: Implications for Democracy Assistance
Author:
Lori Handrahan
Publisher:
Routledge
Genre:
Books / Politics
Year:
2018
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Democracy, anticipated by American and other Western powers to prevent economic chaos and political conflict within and among states, is not evolving as expected. This research argues that part of the failure resides in United States democracy assistances inadequate consideration of gender within democracy programming.

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I SSUES IN G LOBALIZATION

Edited by
STUART BRUCHEY
Allan Nevins Professor Emeritus
Columbia Universtiy

A R OUTLEDGE S ERIES

Published in 2002 by

Routledge

29 West 35th Street

New York, NY 10001

Published in Great Britain by

Routledge

11 New Fetter Lane

London EC4P 4EE

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 0-415-93252-1 (HB)

Printed on acid-free, 250 year-life paper

Manufactured in the United States of America

This dissertation is dedicated to Patrick F. J. Macrory, my husband, partner, lover, best friend, and most ardent supporter, and to Lou Ivey, my godmother.

Without Patrick and Lou this material would not exist.

Contents

C HAPTER O NE
The Significance of Feminist Research

C HAPTER T WO
Gendering Ethnicity

C HAPTER T HREE
Gendering Democracy: Theory and Practice

C HAPTER F OUR
Gender and Ethnicity in the Democratic Transition of Kyrgyzstan

C HAPTER F IVE
Analyzing Identity in Kyrgyzstan: Fieldwork Method and Design

C HAPTER S IX
Gendered Attachments to Ethnicity: Survey Results

C HAPTER S EVEN
The Impact of Gendered Ethnicity on the Future of US Democratic Assistance

Guide

Without the support and guidance of my supervisor, Professor Anne Phillips, Director of The Gender Institute at the London School of Economics and Political Science, this material would not exist. Thank you Anne. Also gratitude is due to Hazel and all the others at The Gender Institute who made this research possible.

Professor Anthony Smith inspired and encouraged this work from the start. The only professor at LSE ever to invite me to his home, many of the ideas within were stimulated during Professor Smiths teas and Ph.D. workshops. Thank you Professor Smith.

Acknowledgement and gratitude is due to all the adults, children, akims , NGO staffers, and USAID partners in Kyrgyzstan who took time to answer my questions. Particular acknowledgement is due to The NGO Coalition. Without the NGO Coalition this research would have been significantly more difficult, if not impossible.

Additionally gratitude is due to the Institute for International Education (HE), The Kennan Institute, and the US State Department Title VII program for funding sections of this research.

Gratitude is also due to my local institutional hosts, The Kyrgyz-American Human Rights Bureau (KAHRB), The Foundation for Tolerance International (FTI), and The American University in Kyrgyzstan (AUK). Each represents an example of strong women who have, vision, moral strength, determination, and endurance to transform ideals into reality.

Finally, a debt of gratitude is due to all the feminists who came before me and made my work more informed and my life easier. Thank you.

Gendering Ethnicity

The womens movement has experienced, and is still experiencing being caught between the desire to alter the democratic system in its favor and the idea of radically transforming it.

(Huguette Bouchardeau in Reynolds 1986:xi).

G ETTING IT W RONG

Democracy, the political system that America and other Western powers anticipated would prevent economic chaos and political conflict within and among states, has not evolved as expected (Diamond 1996). Indeed, it is often suggested that uninformed and incomplete efforts to consolidate democracy have had the opposite effect (Havel 1995; Moss 1975). Clearly, foreign donors and national governments have been getting it wrong with the process of democratization.

Since 1991, Western governments have been providing large amounts of democratic assistance to Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (FSU) or newly independent states (NIS); so far, few, if any, of the countries in these regions have developed into what could be regarded as genuine democracies (Carothers 1999; USAID 1999). The beginning of the twenty-first centurya decade after the beginning of large scale democracy assistance to the FSU and Eastern Europe, as well as a new US administration and, consequently, foreign aid policyprovides an opportune time to retreat and examine the results, process, and problems with the first decade of US democracy assistance.

E THNIC C ONFLICT AND D EMOCRACY : I S T HERE S OMETHING G ENDERED H ERE ?

It is widely remarked that the attachment to ethnicity is enhanced during transitional periods (Raanan 1980). Would-be democracies are often fraught with dangerous national and ethnic divides, and yet these looming conflicts are rarely addressed within the framework of democratic assistance (Grey 1997; McFaul 1999; Spencer 1994). There is, moreover, abundant evidence that nation-building and state creation remain male constructs with the patriarchal history of the nation-state apparent in the current development of democracy in transitional societies (Pitkin 1984).

This research provides a critical examination of gender and ethnicity as these relate to US democracy assistance, lacking in other evaluations, arguing that: (2) Western theoretical understanding of how ethnicity is defined, created, and operates has failed to consider gender; (2) democracy, historically and currently, has also failed to adequately account for gender; and (3) current US democracy assistance, as demonstrated by the case of Kyrgyzstan, has failed to include both gender and ethnicity within its understandings of how societies transit to democracy and, therefore, how the US may assist this process.

The gender factor is particularly relevant; first, because the ethnic question appears to have significant gender components which have been largely obscured due to the lack of gender mainstreaming both within the academy and the development sector. Secondly, because women play a leading role in the associations that constitute the infrastructure of civil society in Kyrgyzstan, development practitioners are provided with a programmatic means for implementing research results of a gendered analysis of ethnicity. In terms of USAID-speak, a female-dominated civil society may offer a hereto unrecognized tool in USAIDs democratic toolbox to implement programs that reduce ethnic conflict and thereby increase the stability of democratic consolidation.

This research employs a body of feminist and gender theory that has challenged the exclusion of women/gender from the understanding of democracy, as well as the emerging literature that contests a similar failure in recognizing the gender dimensions of ethnicity. Gender is used to both deconstruct and reconstruct complex understandings of how comprehensive gender integration reveals more authentic and inclusive ways of thinking about socio-political process, in this case the relation of gendered ethnicity to democracy assistance. The resulting field research, used in this research to test the theories and hypothesis, demonstrates:

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