Ronald Deibert - Access Controlled. The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace

Access Controlled

Information Revolution and Global Politics
William J. Drake and Ernest J. Wilson III, editors

The Information Revolution and Developing Countries
Ernest J. Wilson III

Human Rights in the Global Information Society
Rikke Frank Jrgensen, editor

Mobile Communication and Society: A Global Perspective
Manuel Castells, Mireia Fernndez-Ardvol, Jack Linchuan Qiu, and Araba Sey

Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering
Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, editors

Governing Global Electronic Networks: International Perspectives on Policy and Power
William J. Drake and Ernest J. Wilson III, editors

Working-Class Network Society: Communication Technology and the Information Have-Less in Urban China
Jack Linchuan Qiu

Transforming Global Information and Communication Markets: The Political Economy of Innovation
Peter F. Cowhey and Jonathan D. Aronson

Protocol Politics: The Globalization of Internet Surveillance
Laura DeNardis

Access Controlled: The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace
Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, editors

Access Controlled

The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace

Ronald Deibert, John Palfrey, Rafal Rohozinski, and Jonathan Zittrain, editors

The MIT Press
Cambridge, Massachusetts
London, England

2010 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.

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This book was set in Stone Serif and Stone Sans on 3B2 by Asco Typesetters, Hong Kong.

Printed and bound in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Access controlled : the shaping of power, rights, and rule in cyberspace / edited by Ronald Deibert... [et al.] ; foreword by Miklos Haraszti.
p. cm. (Information revolution and global politics)

Report from the OpenNet Initiative.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-262-01434-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-262-51435-4 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. CyberspaceGovernment policy. 2. InternetGovernment policy. 3. ComputersAccess control. 4. InternetCensorship. I. Deibert, Ronald. II. OpenNet Initiative.
HM851.A254 2010
005.8dc22

2009049632

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Author Biographies

Foreword by Miklos Haraszti

Part I: Access Controlled: Theory and Analysis

1 Beyond Denial: Introducing Next-Generation Information Access Controls

Ronald Deibert and Rafal Rohozinski

2 Control and Subversion in Russian Cyberspace

Ronald Deibert and Rafal Rohozinski

3 The EU Data Retention Directive in an Era of Internet Surveillance

Hal Roberts and John Palfrey

4 Barriers to Cooperation: An Analysis of the Origins of International Efforts to Protect Children Online

Nart Villeneuve

5 Intermediary Censorship

Ethan Zuckerman

6 Protecting Privacy and Expression Online: Can the Global Network Initiative Embrace the Character of the Net?

Colin M. Maclay

Part II: Country Profiles and Regional Overviews

Introduction to the Country Profiles

Commonwealth of Independent States

CIS Overview

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyzstan

Moldova

Russia

Tajikistan

Turkmenistan

Ukraine

Uzbekistan

Europe

Europe Overview

France

Germany

Italy

Nordic Countries

Turkey

United Kingdom

North America

United States and Canada Overview

Australia and New Zealand

Australia and New Zealand Overview

Asia

Asia Overview

Burma

China

Pakistan

South Korea

Middle East and North Africa

MENA Overview

Egypt

Iran

Saudi Arabia

Syria

Tunisia

United Arab Emirates

Glossary of Technical Terms

Index

Access Controlled: The Shaping of Power, Rights, and Rule in Cyberspace is the latest report from the OpenNet Initiative (ONI), which is a collaboration of the Citizen Lab at the Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto; the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University; and the SecDev Group (Canada). The country profiles and regional overviews provided in this volume have been substantially updated and revised to reflect recent events since our last publication, Access Denied. In addition, Access Controlled includes six newly authored thematic chapters that analyze the themes of our investigations and grapple with the theoretical and public policy implications.

With Access Controlled, we take on new themes emerging from our research and concentrate on the countries that make up the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), as it is there, primarily, where some of the most important techniques of next-generation Internet controls are emerging and a normative terrain is being set. While the Access Controlled volume focuses on the OSCE region as an important locus of norms and emerging techniques, the ONI conducted tests in more than 65 countries over the last year and a half. We have included a selection of these regional overviews and country profiles in this volume on the basis of two criteria: first, we included countries that either border on or have strategic significance to the OSCE region; second, we included countries that are significant stories in and of themselves and on which we wanted to report. China and Iran are included in both categories, for example, but we also included Egypt, Tunisia, and South Korea (which are OSCE partner in cooperation states), as well as Australia and New Zealand, and all our regional overviews. As with Access Denied, all our country profiles and regional overviews are accessible in full on our Web site: http://opennet.net/, as well as the thematic chapters of this book.

Ronald Deibert and Rafal Rohozinski

The OpenNet Initiative would not exist without the vital contributions of dozens of very talented and often courageous researchers from around the world. The ONIs regional deputies primarily wrote the country profiles and regional overviews: Ves-selina Haralampieva (CIS/Europe), Helmi Noman (Middle East and North Africa), and Stephanie Wang (Asia). Masashi Crete-Nishihata (Citizen Lab), provided invaluable written and editorial inputs to the entire book. Jillian York, Rebekah Heacock, and Robert Faris (Berkman) provided editorial input and writing assistance for the country profiles and regional overviews. Other written contributions were made by Fabian Pregel (Germany), Andrea Glorioso (Italy), Sangamitra Ramachander (Europe Overview), Brendan Ballou (Europe Overview), Amina Waheed (Europe Overview, Middle East and North Africa), Natalie Senst (Australia and New Zealand), Dan Larsen (Nordic Overview), Jessica Walch (France).

Robert Faris and Jillian York help to manage the ONI research enterprise on an ongoing basis. Their professional stewardship keeps the ONI on track. Primary research in the CIS was conducted in partnership with the Eurasia i-Policy network and coordinated by Tattugul Mambetalieva. Technical support for testing in the region was provided by Aleksei Bebinov (Civil Initiative for Internet policy, Kyrgyzstan). Jonathan Doda (Citizen Lab) acted as the lead technical engineer and analyst for the ONI in 2008 and 2009; Shishir Nagaraja (Cambridge) did the same in 2007. Jane Gowan (Citizen Lab) designed the cover art for