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COLD WAR MODERNISTS

GREG BARNHISEL

COLD WAR MODERNISTS

Art, Literature, and American Cultural Diplomacy

Columbia University Press / New York

Columbia University Press

Publishers Since 1893

New York Chichester, West Sussex

cup.columbia.edu

Copyright 2015 Columbia University Press

All rights reserved

E-ISBN 978-0-231-53862-6

Chapter 3 appeared in an earlier form in Book History 13 (2010).

A shorter version of Chapter 4 appeared in ELH 81, no. 1 (2014).

Chapter 5 appeared in a very preliminary incarnation in Modernism/Modernity 14, no. 4 (2007). Johns Hopkins University Press.

Published and unpublished material by James Laughlin, copyright 2005, 2014 by the New Directions Ownership Trust. Used by permission of New Directions.

Unpublished material from Stephen Spender used by kind permission of the Estate of Stephen Spender.

Unpublished material from Irving Kristol used by kind permission of Gertrude Himmelfarb Kristol.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Barnhisel, Greg, 1969

Cold War modernists : art, literature, and American cultural diplomacy / Greg Barnhisel.

pages cm.

Summary: An examination of the legacy of modernism as a cultural movement and propaganda tool during the Cold War and the 1950s in AmericaProvided by publisher.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-231-16230-2 (cloth : acid-free paper) ISBN 978-0-231-53862-6 (ebook)

1. United StatesCultural policy. 2. United StatesIntellectual life20th century. 3. Modernism (Aesthetics)Political aspectsUnited StatesHistory20th century. 4. PropagandaUnited StatesHistory20th century. 5. Cold WarPolitical aspectsUnited States. 6. ArtPolitical aspectsUnited StatesHistory20th century 7. Politics and literatureUnited StatesHistory20th century. 8. United StatesPolitics and government19451953 9. United StatesPolitics and government19451953 9. United StatesPolitics and government19531961. I. Title.

E169.12.B2947 2015

973.91dc23

2014017122

A Columbia University Press E-book.

CUP would be pleased to hear about your reading experience with this e-book at .

COVER DESIGN: Lisa Force

References to Internet Web sites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.

CONTENTS

ABBREVIATIONS IN TEXT

AAPL	American Artists Professional League
ABPC	American Book Publishers Council
ACCF	American Committee for Cultural Freedom
AFA	American Federation of Arts
ALA	American Library Association
CIA	US Central Intelligence Agency
CPI	Committee on Public Information
CCF	Congress for Cultural Freedom
HICOG	Office of the High Commissioner for Occupied Germany
ICS	Information Center Service
IMG	Informational Media Guaranty
IRD	UK Information Research Department
IIA	International Information Administration
MoMA	Museum of Modern Art
NSC	US National Security Council
OCB	Operations Coordinating Board
OFF	Office of Facts and Figures
OIAA	Office of Inter-American Affairs
OPC	Office of Policy Coordination
OWI	Office of War Information
PSB	Psychological Strategy Board
RFE	Radio Free Europe
UNESCO	United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
USIA	United States Information Agency
USIS	United States Information Service
VOA	Voice of America
VOKS	All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Nations

UNPUBLISHED SOURCES AND THEIR ABBREVIATIONS

Unpublished source material comes from the following archives, libraries, and collections, and the following abbreviations, in addition to the abbreviations given in the text, appear in the endnotes:

AAA	Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
ALA	American Library Association Archives, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library
BU	Encounter Magazine Collection, Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center, Boston University
COL	USIA Broadcast Center Munich Records, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University, New York
DDEL	Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, KS
FFA	Ford Foundation Archives, Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, NY
HRC	Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin
HSTL	Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, Independence, MO
HVD	Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
IACF	International Association for Cultural Freedom Papers, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library, Chicago
IPI	Intercultural Publications Manuscripts, Lilly Library, Indiana University at Bloomington
LOC	Microform Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington, DC
NANY	National Archives at New York
NARA	National Archives and Records Administration, Archives II, College Park, MD
PUL	Princeton University Libraries, Princeton, NJ
RG	Record Group (used with National Archives records)
RU	Record Unit (used with Smithsonian records)
SIA	Smithsonian Institution Archives, Washington, DC
TAM	American Committee for Cultural Freedom Papers, Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University, New York
UARK	US Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Historical Collection, Special Collections Library, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
YALE	Manuscripts and Archives, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT

R ESEARCHING AND WRITING this book has been one of the great pleasures of my life, in no small part because of the people and institutions I have encountered along the way. A work like this, so heavily grounded in primary-source research at many libraries and archives, is especially dependent on outside financial assistance, and I am immensely grateful for the support I received from several benefactors, including the National Endowment for the Humanities, which gave me a summer stipend in 2005 and a year-long fellowship in 2013; the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at the University of Texas at Austin, which awarded me a Mellon Fellowship in 2007; the Eisenhower Foundation, which awarded me a travel grant in 2013; the Friends of the Princeton University Libraries, which awarded me a fellowship in 2013; as well as the Department of English and the McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts at Duquesne University, both of which have provided me with unstinting support over the years.

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