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Nancy Bermeo - Civil Society Before Democracy

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Nancy Bermeo Civil Society Before Democracy
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Bringing together historians and political scientists, this unique collaboration compares nineteenth-century civil societies that failed to develop lasting democracies with civil societies that succeeded. Much of the current literature on the connection between civil society and consolidating democracy focuses exclusively on single, contemporary polities that are ever-changing and uncertain. By studying historical cases, the authors are able to demonstrate which civil societies developed in tandem with lasting democracies and which did not. Contrasting these two sets of cases, the book both enlightens readers about individual countries and extracts lessons about the connections between civil society and democracy in contemporary times. Above all, the authors ask the vital but under-researched question, OHow and why does democratic civil society develop?O

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ROWMAN LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Published in the United States of - photo 1
ROWMAN LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS INC Published in the United States of - photo 2

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.

Published in the United States of America
by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
4720 Boston Way, Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://www.rowmanlittlefield.com

12 Hids Copse Road
Cumnor Hill, Oxford OX2 9JJ, England

Copyright 2000 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

British Library Cataloging in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Civil society before democracy: lessons from nineteenth-century Europe / edited by Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

9780742573628

1. Civil societyEuropeHistory19th century. 2. DemocracyEuropeHistory19th century. 3. EuropePolitics and government19th century. I. Bermeo, Nancy Gina, 1951-II. Nord, Philip G., 1950-

JC337 .C553 2000
320.9409034dc21

00-038268

Printed in the United States of America

Picture 3 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

To Eleanor Bermeo, who taught me all about civility.

Nancy Bermeo

To Arno Mayer and Robert Paxton, who taught me that politics and history do mix.

Philip Nord

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

A first thanks is owed to the Social Science Research Councilto Peter Hall, Peter Lange, and Kent Worcester in particularwhich supplied the seed money that got this project off the ground. The Council for European Studies in New York and its executive director Ioannis Sinanoglou came to our aid at a critical moment. Additional funding was provided by the Luso-American Development Foundation and, closer to home, by a trio of Princeton bodies: the Council on Regional Studies, the Committee for European Studies, and the Center of International Studies. We are grateful to Rui Machete, Gil Rozman, and Ezra Suleiman who made these grants possible.

The present volume grew out of a pair of conferences that met at Princeton. We are indebted to a number of colleagues who helped to organize these events or participated in them: Douglas Chalmers, Gerhard Haupt, Kenneth Maxwell, Philippe Schmitter, and Mark Von Hagen. Portions of this manuscript were read by Sheri Berman, Jrgen Kocka, Atul Kohli, Steven Kotkin, Arno Mayer, Frank Trentmann, Hans-Ulrich Wehler, and Deborah Yashar. We are appreciative of their efforts to save us from embarrassment.

SELECTIVE CHRONOLOGY OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY EVENTS
1815Defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo
Congress of Vienna
Formation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1825Decembrist uprising in Russia
182555Reign of Nicholas I of Russia
1830Revolution in France
Belgian independence from United Kingdom of the
Netherlands
1832First suffrage reform act in Great Britain
1834Constitutional monarchy in Portugal
1847Parliamentary government in Belgium
1848Revolutions in France, the Austrian empire, the German states, and the Italian states
1851Coup dtat of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte in France
185456Crimean War
185961Founding of the Kingdom of Italy
186164Great Reforms in Russia
1867Second suffrage reform act in Great Britain
1868Parliamentary government in the Netherlands
1870Rome incorporated into the Kingdom of Italy
Fall of the Second Empire in France; beginning of the Third Republic
1871Founding of the united German Reich with universal manhood suffrage at the national level
1876Republican Party founded in Portugal
1878Near universal manhood suffrage introduced in Portugal
187890Anti-Socialist laws in Germany
1879Founding of Calvinist Anti-Revolutionary Party in the Netherlands
1882Suffrage extension in Italy
1884Trade unions legalized in France Third suffrage reform act in Great Britain Newly formed Catholic Party wins electoral majority in Belgium
1886Founding of the Pan-German League
1888First Calvinist/Catholic coalition government in the Netherlands
1891Legal recognition in Portugal of the right to associate
1892Party of Italian Workers (later the PSI) founded
18921914Giovanni Giolitti serves intermittent terms as prime minister of Italy
1893General strike in Belgium, followed by introduction of universal manhood suffrage with plural voting
1898General Pelloux imposed as prime minister of Italy by royal fiat
1901Associations Law in France
1905Revolution in Russia
1906First meeting of State Duma (parliament) in Russia
1908Imperial Associations Law in Germany
1910Founding of First Republic in Portugal
1912Universal manhood suffrage in Italy
1914Austrian Reichstag prorogued by Emperor Franz-Joseph Outbreak of First World War
1917Revolution in Russia Universal manhood suffrage in the Netherlands
191819Revolution in Germany
1919Universal manhood suffrage in Belgium
1926Portuguese Republic overthrown and Salazar dictatorship established
INTRODUCTION

Philip Nord

R ecent decades have witnessed a general, if perhaps no more than momentary, breakdown of authoritarian government in the Western world. The retreat began in the 1970s in Europes southern tier and spread from there to Latin America before achieving a spectacular denouement in the velvet revolutions of the former East bloc. Dictatorshipsmilitary and civilian, right-wing and communistfound themselves displaced by new regimes brandishing promises of freedom and the good life. This wave of democratic transitions was heralded by many participants as a triumph of society over the state and prompted among social scientists a rash of inquiries into the possible connections between an activist citizenry and the democratic constitution of public life.

These inquiries came in a variety of colors, but two principal tints may be distinguished here. The first, neo-Tocquevillian, lays major stress on a vital associational life as freedoms bulwark against the inevitable intrusions of government. The marketplace in this school of thought is oftentimes celebrated as societys essential helpmate, furnishing it additional breathing room and resources needed to face down the states depredations.

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