Wilbur Watson - Against the Odds: Blacks in the Profession of Medicine in the United States
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Against the Odds: Blacks in the Profession of Medicine in the United States
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Against the Odds : Blacks in the Profession of Medicine in the United States
author
:
Watson, Wilbur H.
publisher
:
Transaction Publishing
isbn10 | asin
:
1560003766
print isbn13
:
9781560003762
ebook isbn13
:
9780585324166
language
:
English
subject
African American physicians--History, Race discrimination--United States--History.
publication date
:
1999
lcc
:
R695.W38 1999eb
ddc
:
610.69/52/08996073
subject
:
African American physicians--History, Race discrimination--United States--History.
Page iii
Against the Odds
Blacks in the Profession of Medicine in the United States
Wilbur H. Watson
Page iv
Copyright 1999 by Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to Transaction Publishers, RutgersThe State University, 35 Berrue Circle, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8042.
This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials.
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 98-34953
ISBN: 1-56000-376-6
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Watson, Wilbur H. Against the odds : Blacks in the profession of medicine in the United States / Wilbur H. Watson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56000-376-6 (alk. paper) 1. Afro-American physiciansHistory. 2. Race discriminationUnited StatesHistory. I. Title. R695.W38 1998 610.69'52'08996073dc21 98-34953 CIP
Page v
CONTENTS
Preface
vii
1. Race, Class, and Power in the Structure of Medical Practice in the United States
1
Part 1: The Struggle to Achieve Medical Education and High Quality Health Care for African Americans
Introduction to Part 1
17
2. History and Political Economy of African American Medical Education
19
3. Gender in the Development and Practice of Medicine by Blacks
45
4. The Significance of Physician Access to Hospitals
63
Part 2: Microstructures of the Social Organization of Health-Care Delivery in the Everyday Life of a Racially Segmented Society
Introduction to Part 2
77
5. Illness and Economic Constraints on Help-Seeking Behavior
79
6. Race in the Structure of Access to Treatment
85
7. Doctor Shopping Behavior
95
8. Stigma and Coping with Professional Degradation
107
Part 3: Urbanization, Ethics, and Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Introduction to Part 3
117
9. The Vanishing Country Doctor
121
10. Interfaces of Folk and Biomedical Practitioners
135
11. Ethical Issues in the Practice of Medicine
143
12. Contemporary Status of Black Physicians
153
13. Conclusions
171
Page vi
Key Archives and Interviews
183
References
187
Index
195
Page vii
PREFACE
Although less pronounced since 1954, the forces of racial separatism, gender discrimination, and oppressive dominance have been formidable obstacles against the occupational aspirations of African Americans on the North American continent. Inequalities in access to health care and in the development of professionals in the health services have represented selected effects of these forces.1 Among the many expressions of these constraints were attempts by some whites to obstruct access by African Americans to medical education and their subsequent practice and mobility within the profession.
Against the background of the history of oppressive dominance in relation to blacks, this study develops insights into successful efforts by a number of determined individuals, small groups of black Americans and philanthropists to establish blacks in the profession of medicine. These streams of successes began with Robert McCune Smith who was awarded the M.D. by the University of Glasgow in 1837. Twenty-seven years later, Rebecca Lee, M.D. (1864), the first black American woman in medicine graduated from the New England Female Medical College.
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