Evan Mawdsley - The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Central Committee and Its Members, 1917-1991
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The Soviet Elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: The Central Committee and Its Members, 1917-1991
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This ground-breaking book examines the Soviet ruling elite over the entire period of Communist rule. It serves as a collective biography of nearly two thousand people who served on the Communist Partys Central Committee from 1917 to 1991. The book is based on archival research, only available after the collapse of communism, and extensive interviews with former Central Committee members.
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Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York
Evan Mawdsley and Stephen White 2000
The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker)
First published 2000
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mawdsley, Evan, 1945 The Soviet elite from Lenin to Gorbachev: the Central Committee and its members, 19171991 / Evan Mawdsley and Stephen White. Includes bibliographical references. 1. Government executivesSoviet Union. 2. Elite (Social sciences)Soviet Union. 3. Soviet UnionPolitics and government. 4. Rossiska soial-demokraticheska rabocha parti. entral'y komitet. 5. Rossisk soial-demokraticheska rabocha parti (bol'hevikov). entral'y komitet. 6. K RKP(b) 7. K VKP(b) 8. K KPSS. I. White, Stephen, 1945 II. Title. JN6549.E9M39 2000 324.247'075'0922dc21 99053199 ISBN 0198297386
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
Typeset by Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Biddles Ltd Guildford and King's Lynn
Page v
Preface
The year 1953, when Stalin died, fell halfway between the birth of the Soviet system in 1917 and its collapse in 1991. In 1954 the system began to 'thaw' and members of the Soviet elite appeared at receptions in foreign embassies. The British ambassador to Moscow, Sir William Hayter, recalled what a change this seemed from earlier days:1
In Stalin's time they had been distantly visible, squat, flat-capped figures, on Lenin's tomb during ceremonial parades, and at wartime banquets they had been glimpsed rather more closely, muttering to each other and obediently drinking toasts when the Leader proposed them. But they could hardly be distinguished except by the presence or absence of moustaches or spectacles; they were approximately the same size and shape, short, powerful men, whom no one could really tell apart.
As things turned out, a degree of impersonalitydue to Soviet secrecy and Western attitudeswould continue even after the thaw. Twenty-five years after Hayter one of the most influential specialists in elite studies argued that '[i]t is only when we can begin to see that the system is staffed by real people with real hopes and values and interestsand changing ones over timethat we will be in a position to break away from our old abstractions'.2 Now that the Soviet era has passed into history it is even less satisfactory to see the system as one run by 'men whom no one could really tell apart', either at any one point in that history or across the whole span of years; nor is it necessary to do so, given the access we have to party archives, to memoirs and other sources, and in many cases to members of the elite themselves.
The present study is unprecedented, not only in terms of the sources on which it has been able to draw, but also in its chronological scope: it is a collective biography of the Soviet political elite over the entire seventy-four years of Communist rule. A study of this kind is crucial to our understanding of the Soviet system, given the disproportionate influence its ruling elite was able to command. Throughout the Soviet era it was a Communist Party that held power. And throughout the same period it was a small minority that held power within
1 Sir William Hayter, A Double Life (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1974), 103.
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