Ranbir Vohra - The Making of India: A Historical Survey
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher, M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 80 Business Park Drive, Armonk, New York 10504.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Vohra, Ranbir. The making of India: a historical survey / Ranbir Vohra. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56324-694-5 (alk. paper). ISBN 1-56324-695-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. IndiaHistory. I. Title. DS436.V6 1997 954dc2096-43435 CIP
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z 39.48-1984.
BM(c) 10 9 8 7 6 54 3 2 1
BM (p) 10 9 8 7 6 54 3 2 1
This book is dedicated to my maternal grandfather, Chintram Thapar, who spent years in British jails as a pacifist Gandhian fighting for India's freedom; and to my maternal uncle, Sukhdev, who, at the age of twenty-four, was hanged to death by the British as a militant nationalist revolutionary also fighting for India's freedom; and to my family, who has served independent India with honesty and devotion.
Contents
Preface
ix
Introduction: India's Secularity and the Politics of Communalism
3
Part I
PRE-MODERN INDIA
From Pre-History to 1857
Chapter 1
Traditional India: An Overview
11
Chapter 2
Indian Civilization: From Pre-History to the Eighteenth Century
17
Chapter 3
India's Adjustment to British Aggression: 1756-1857
51
Part II
INDIA UNDER THE BRITISH, 1858-1947
The Establishment of a Nonsecular Polity
Chapter 4
The British Record: An Overview
87
Chapter 5
The Making of a Communal Polity: 1858-1908
95
Chapter 6
Constitutionalism and the Politics of Communalism: 1908-1947
128
Part III
INDEPENDENT INDIA
Search for National Identity
Chapter 7
Jawaharlal Nehru, 1947-1964: The Shaping of a New Order
193
Chapter 8
Indira Gandhi, 1966-1984: Authoritarianism and the New Communalism
225
Chapter 9
The Decline of the Congress, 1985-1996: The Emergence of Hindu Nationalism
257
Index
315
Page ix
Preface
I came from India to the United States in 1964 and have been associated with the American academe ever since. After gaining my doctorate in East Asian history at Harvard, I have had the privilege of teaching at various prestigious institutions of higher learning, including Harvard University, Amherst College, and Trinity College. My working life in America has been rewarding, and my contacts with my colleagues inside and outside my field of specialization have enriched my understanding of the world we live in. But one thing that has never failed to surprise me is my American colleagues' limited understanding of Indian affairs. The general public, of course, is even less informed.
Unfortunately, since the subject is neglected in the American school system, much of what Americans know about India comes from the media, which tend to report only the eye-catching negative events. As a result, while most Americans have heard of wife burning, the Hindu-Muslim communal riots over the Ayodhya Temple-Mosque issue, insurgency in Kashmir (an American kidnapped by a terrorist Kashmiri group made headlines in America), and so on, few have a meaningful understanding of topics such as the working of the Indian democratic system, the political parties, or even the reasons for the tensions in Indo-U.S. relations. Since 1991, when India launched its economic reform program and opened its doors to foreign investment and joint ventures, American interest in the country has increased noticeably. I hope this will lead to a demand for better sources of information on India.
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