THANK YOU FOR DOWNLOADING THIS CROSSWAY BOOK.
Sign-up for the Crossway Newsletter for updates on special offers, new resources, and exciting global ministry initiatives:
Crossway Newsletter
Or, if you prefer, we would love to connect with you online:
Facebook
Twitter
Google +
Learned and astute, this book on chance and probability demonstrates an absolute reliance on the authority of Gods Word. This is the only way that nothing can be left to chance.
Douglas Wilson, Senior Fellow of Theology, New St. Andrews College; Pastor, Christ Church, Moscow, Idaho
The prolific Dr. Poythress has gifted us with a unique and uniquely needed work that is both mathematically adept and theologically deep. I know of no other work that so thoroughly addresses the modern sense of chance in a deeply Reformed and philosophically oriented way.
Douglas Groothuis, Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Apologetics and Ethics Masters Degree, Denver Seminary
Is this the go-to book for a biblical theological perspective on chance, coincidence, randomness, risk, probability, prediction, and gambling? You bet it is! Dr. Poythress has hit another one out of the park. This book will transform the way you think about everything from quantum physics and weather forecasts to life insurance and card games.
James N. Anderson, Associate Professor of Theology and Philosophy, Reformed Theological Seminary, Charlotte; author, Paradox in Christian Theology; Whats Your Worldview?
Back when I was a researcher in Systems Engineering and Operations Research, probability was my daily breath, so I was delighted to see this work. Not only was this a fun read for me, but I find in Vern Poythress a firm grasp of the mathematical, philosophical, theological, and apologetic issues necessary to guide those who want to think clearly on this topica topic which, because of its technicality, many will be daunted by. And Poythress always has an eye for the helpful illustration!
C. John Collins, Professor of Old Testament, Covenant Theological Seminary; author, The God of Miracles, Science and Faith: Friends or Foes?
Many think Calvinists simply reject the idea of chance, random events, and probability. But that is not entirely true. My friend Vern Poythress shows in this book that the God of the Bibleand of Calvinis in fact the foundation, both of causation and of randomness in the world. Poythress is well-suited to develop this argument, with doctorates in both New Testament and mathematics, and as the author of important recent books on logic and science. I do not fully understand the mathematics of this book, but the theology is entirely biblical, and I cant imagine a better place to start for readers interested in this subject matter.
John M. Frame, J. D. Trimble Chair of Systematic Theology and Philosophy, Reformed Theological Seminary, Orlando
CHANCE AND THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD
A GOD-CENTERED APPROACH TO
PROBABILITY AND RANDOM EVENTS
VERN S. POYTHRESS
WHEATON, ILLINOIS
Chance and the Sovereignty of God:
A God-Centered Approach to Probability and Random Events
Copyright 2014 by Vern S. Poythress
Published by Crossway
1300 Crescent Street
Wheaton, Illinois 60187
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, except as provided for by USA copyright law.
Cover design: Matt Naylor
First printing 2014
Printed in the United States of America
Scripture quotations are from the ESV Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version), copyright 2001 by Crossway. 2011 Text Edition. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
All emphases in Scripture quotations have been added by the author.
Trade paperback ISBN: 978-1-4335-3695-3
ePub ISBN: 978-1-4335-3698-4
PDF ISBN: 978-1-4335-3698-4
Mobipocket ISBN: 978-1-4335-3697-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Poythress, Vern S.
Chance and the sovereignty of God : a God-centered approach to probability and random events / Vern Sheridan Poythress.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4335-3695-3 (tp)
1. Providence and government of God--Christianity.
I. Title.
BT135.P69 2014
231'.5dc23 2013036218
Crossway is a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers.
VP 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
PART I
THE SOVEREIGNTY OF GOD
PART II
GOD AS THE FOUNDATION FOR CHANCE
PART III
PROBABILITY
Part IV
PROBABILITY AND MATHEMATICS
TABLES
ILLUSTRATIONS
One time, when my family and I were on vacation, I drove around a curve to find, directly ahead of me, a line of cars stopped dead because of roadwork. I put the brakes on hard, relieved that I had time to stop. But what about cars coming behind me? The highway, consisting of one lane in each direction, curved to the right, with a mountain rising just to the right of the road, and a drop-off to the left. The drivers coming in my direction could not see me because their vision was blocked by the mountain. Would they be able to stop in time? Should I run back to warn them? Should I blow my horn to warn them? If I blew the horn, would the sound be blocked by the mountainside? Before I could decide, looking backward I saw a car coming round the curve, too fast to stop. To avoid hitting us, the driver swerved left into the lane of oncoming traffic. Fortunately, no car was coming in the other direction, and he was able to stop in the lane to our left.
At that point I started blowing the horn. Too late. Another car came round the curve, again too fast. I thought, It cant stop. It is going to crash into us. The driver braked hard but lost control, and the car spun 180 degrees. It ended up facing backward on the berm, squeezed between us and the mountain. The driver was emotionally shaken but physically intact. Now we had a car to our left and a car to our right. There was no more room. A third car followed, coming right at us, as our children in the back seat watched helplessly. It managed to stop a couple of feet behind us. Finally, the roadwork opened and we proceeded forward. All the people had escaped an accident. My family and I had escaped what seemed to be certain injury and a wrecked vehicle.
THE ISSUE OF CHANCE
What do we say about this incident? Some people would say we were lucky. We escaped by chance. It just happened to be the case that the oncoming cars found room to our left and to our right. Or was it the hand of Gods providence? We felt afterwards as if an angel had pushed the cars to this side and to that. God had sent an angel to protect us. But we did not actually see an angel. Nor did we see a hand reaching down from heaven to move the cars. Was it just our imagination? Was our escape a miracle, or was it just an accidental result of driver reactions and physical processes?
Next page