Jay Ingram - The Science of Why 2: Answers to Questions About the Universe, the Unknown, and Ourselves

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Also by Jay Ingram

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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Ingram, Jay, author

The science of why: answers to questions about the universe, the unknown and ourselves / Jay Ingram.

Issued in print and electronic formats.

ISBN 978-1-5011-7276-2 (hardcover)ISBN 978-1-5011-7277-9 (ebook)

1. SciencePopular works. I. Title.

Q162.I557 2016500 C2017-903214-3

C2017-903215-1

ISBN 978-1-5011-7276-2

ISBN 978-1-5011-7277-9 (ebook)

To the 2017 version of the Brady Buncheven if they dont read it

Y OU CANT EVEN START TO answer this question unless you believe that lifeintelligent life at thatcould have begun on planets other than Earth. You dont have to believe that: its still quite possible that we are unique in the universethat no matter how many billions of galaxies exist, containing billions of stars that have untold billions of planets orbiting them, were the only ones. But the attitude that were the center of everything has been eroding since the 1500s and has reduced us from being the one and only to being one of eight planets orbiting a humdrum star in one of an incalculable number of galaxies.

Its challenging to figure out whether were alone in the universe when we dont yet have evidence of life anywhere else. But theres a way of approaching it, mostly thanks to astronomer Frank Drake, who, in 1961, invented something called the Drake equation.

The Drake Equation is a series of unknown quantities that give a sense of what we have to know before we can be confident that there are other intelligent civilizations out there. Its written like this:

Translated into English, the equation says that N is the number of technologically advanced civilizations out there right now that we might be able to discover. Exciting stuff! N means extraterrestrials. N means aliens!

But N is dependent on everything to the right of the equals sign. As each term is taken into account, N shrinks. That means the chances of us finding another species in the universe, then, is based on:

Rx = the total number of stars fP = the fraction of those stars with planets ne = the number of planets that are the right distance from their star to allow the existence of life fl = those planets that actually do support life fi = those where intelligent life managed to evolve fc = the ones that acquired advanced communications technology and the last number, L = the number of technological civilizations that actually survive long enough for us to detect them.

When Drake came up with his equation, many of the numbers in it could only be guessed at. But since then weve managed to get a little more exact.

Science Fiction ! We are most familiar with life-forms evolving on land or in water. But are there other possibilities? Two famous astronomers, Fred Hoyle and Carl Sagan, imagined weird and wild gaseous life-forms. In Hoyles late-1950s science fiction novel The Black Cloud, a giant cloud of dust and gas invades our solar system and blocks out the sun, threatening all life on earth. The cloud, more intelligent than us, lived off the energy of radiation from starswhat we call sunlight. Earth was saved when the cloud decided to move on. Carl Sagan, in a paper for NASA, put forth the idea of three kinds of giant balloon-like organisms existing in the atmosphere of Jupiter: floaters, sinkers and predators. Floaters would be kilometers in size and would survive by gathering sunlight or processing the chemicals in the atmosphere. Sinkers, like the oceans plankton, would slowly fall through the atmosphere but could absorb other things as they fell (such as floaters), the way raindrops grow as they fall. And hunters, of course, would target other organisms to absorb .

Planets orbit stars, so, to start, we need to know how many stars there are in the universe. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, has at least 100 billion stars, and that could be roughly the same number in any galaxy. There are somewhere between 10 billion and 10 trillion galaxies, so if you multiply those numbers (using the larger estimate of galaxies), you get an incomprehensible 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000. Lots of stars.