History and the Supernatural in Medieval England
This is a fascinating study of religious culture in England from 1050 to 1250. Drawing on the wealth of material about religious belief and practice that survives in the chronicles, Carl Watkins explores accounts of signs, prophecies, astrology, magic, beliefs about death and the miraculous and demonic. He challenges some of the prevailing assumptions about religious belief, questioning in particular the attachment of many historians to terms such as clerical and lay, popular and elite, Christian and pagan as explanatory categories. The evidence of the chronicles is also set in its broader context through explorations of miracle collections, penitential manuals, exempla and sermons. The book traces shifts in the way the supernatural was conceptualised by learned writers and the ways in which broader patterns of belief evolved during this period. This original account sheds important new light on belief during a period in which the religious landscape was transformed.
CARL WATKINS is Lecturer in Central Medieval History at the Faculty of History, Cambridge University, and Fellow of Magdalene College.
Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought Fourth Series
General Editor:
Rosamond McKitterick
Professor of Medieval History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of Sidney Sussex College
Advisory Editors:
Christine Carpenter
Professor of Medieval English History, University of Cambridge, and Fellow of New Hall
Jonathan Shepard
The series Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought was inaugurated by G. G. Coulton in 1921; Professor Rosamond McKitterick now acts as General Editor of the Fourth Series, with Professor Christine Carpenter and Dr Jonathan Shepard as Advisory Editors. The series brings together outstanding work by medieval scholars over a wide range of human endeavour extending from political economy to the history of ideas.
For a list of titles in the series, see end of book .
History and the Supernatural in Medieval England
C. S. Watkins
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Cambridge University Press 2007
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First published in print format 2007
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For my mother and in memory of my father
Preface
More debts have been accumulated before and during the (rather too many) years of this books preparation for justice to be done to them in a short preface, but a number stand out for special mention. The first are to those who interested me in medieval history when I came up to Cambridge as an undergraduate: Christine Carpenter, Rosamond McKitterick and Sandra Raban. More recently, I have profited greatly from the wise advice of many scholars, especially Valerie Flint, Jonathan Riley-Smith and Miri Rubin. Magdalene College, where this book was begun during a research fellowship and where I have finally finished it as a teaching fellow, has proved the most congenial of environments in which to think and work. Special mention must be made of my immediate colleagues at Magdalene, Eamon Duffy, who kindly read and commented on sections of the book in early drafts, and Tim Harper, for the help they have rendered over the years. Seminars in Norwich, London, Bristol and Aberystwyth have offered further indispensable opportunities to test ideas, expose false assumptions and absorb invaluable advice. The manuscript of the book has benefited from the sharp eyes of a number of readers. My former research student Tom Licence bravely read the whole and saved me from many errors and infelicities. It hardly needs to be said that the remaining deficiencies of substance and style are the work of the author alone. Two final and very substantial debts remain to be acknowledged. The first is proclaimed by the dedication; the other is to Dr Martin Brett, who supervised the PhD dissertation on which this book is based and commented on drafts as it developed. What follows has been too long in the making but it would scarcely have been begun without his unfailing and patient guidance.
Note on the text
Chapter of this book draws on material which first appeared in Sin, Penance and Purgatory in the Anglo-Norman Realm: the Evidence of Visions and Ghost Stories, Past and Present , 175 (2002), 333. This chapter represents further reflection on, and expansion of, these ideas.
In the case of Nelson Medieval Texts and Oxford Medieval Texts, translations used here are those of the editors unless otherwise specified in footnotes.
Abbreviations
AE | Adam of Eynsham, Magna Vita Sancti Hugonis, The Life of St Hugh of Lincoln , ed. and trans. D. L. Douie and H. Farmer, 2 vols. (Oxford, ). |
Becket Materials | Materials for the History of Archbishop Thomas Becket , ed. J. C. Robertson, 7 vols. (RS, ). |
EHR | English Historical Review |
DNB | New Dictionary of National Biography |
GT | Gervase of Tilbury, Otia Imperialia: Recreation for an Emperor , ed. and trans. S. E. Banks and J. W. Binns, Oxford Medieval Texts (Oxford, ). |
GW, DK | Gerald of Wales, Descriptio Kambriae , Giraldi Cambrensis Opera , VI , ed. J. F. Dimock (RS, 1868), 153227. |
GW, EH | Gerald of Wales, Expugnatio Hibernica , Giraldi Cambrensis Opera , V , ed. J. F. Dimock (RS 1867), 205411. |
GW, IK | Gerald of Wales, Itinerarium Kambriae , Giraldi Cambrensis Opera , VI , ed. J. F. Dimock (RS, 1868), 1152. |
GW, TH | Gerald of Wales, Topographia Hibernica , Giraldi Cambrensis Opera , V , ed. J. F. Dimock (RS, 1867), 1204. |
HH | Henry of Huntingdon, Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, The History of the English People , ed. and trans. D. Greenway (Oxford, ). |
JEH | Journal of Ecclesiastical History . |
JS, Pol . | John of Salisbury, Ioannis Sacesberiensis Episcopi Carnotensis Policratici: sive de nugis curialium et vestigiis philosophorum libri III , ed. C. C. J. Webb, 2 vols. (Oxford, ). |
JW | The Chronicle of John of Worcester , ed. R. R. Darlington and P. McGurk, trans. J. Bray and P. McGurk, 3 vols., Oxford Medieval Texts (Oxford, 19958). |
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