InterVarsity Press
P.O. Box 1400, Downers Grove, IL 60515-1426
ivpress.com
2018 by C. Stephen Evans
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Photo of Arthur Holmes: Courtesy of Special Collections, Buswell Library, Wheaton College (IL).
Cover design: David Fassett
Interior design: Jeanna Wiggins
Images:Augustine: Portrait of Saint Augustine by Philippe de Champaigne at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art / Wikimedia Commons; Hegel: Hegel portrait by Jakob Schlesinger/ Wikimedia Commons; Marx: A portrait of Karl Marx by John Jabez Mayal / International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, Netherlands / Wikimedia Commons; Kierkegaard: Kierkegaard portrait by Luplau Janssen; John Stuart Mill: Hulton Archive / Wikimedia Commons; John Locke: Portrait of John Locke by Sir Godfrey Kneller, National Portrait Gallery / Wikimedia Commons; Leibniz: Portrait of Gottfried Leibniz by Christoph Bernhard Francke at Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum / Wikimedia Commons; Immanuel Kant: Wikimedia Commons; Altar von San Domenico in Ascoli: Deutsch: Altar von San Domenico in Ascoli, Polyptychon, linke uere Aufsatztafel: HI. Thomas von Aquin / The National Gallery, London / Wikimedia Commons; Aristotle: Bust Portrait of Aristotle by after Lysippos at Museo nazionale romano di palazzo Altemps, Rome, Italy / photo by Jastrow (2006) / Wikimedia Commons; Plato: Plato. Luni marble, copy of the portrait made by Silanion ca. 370BC for the Academia in Athens. From the sacred area in Largo Argentina / photograph by Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons; Berkeley: Portrait of Bishop George Berkeley by John Smybert at The National Portrait Gallery, London / Wikimedia Commons; Hume: Portrait of David Hume by Allan Ramsay at Scottish National Portrait Gallery / Wikimedia Commons; Reid: Portrait of Thomas Reid by Sir Henry Raeburn / National Trust for Scotland, Fyvie Castle, Aberdeenshire, UK / Wikimedia Commons; Rousseau: Portrait of Jean-Jacques Rousseau by Maurice Quentin de La Tour at muse Antoine-Lcuyer / Wikimedia Commons; Wollstonecraft: Portrait of Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie, ca. 17901791 / Wikimedia Commons; Descartes: Portrait of Ren Descartes by Frans Hals at The Louvre Museum, France / photograph by Andr Hatala Wikimedia Commons; Pythagoras: Galilea / Wikimedia Commons; Socrates: Eric Gaba/Sting / Wikimedia Commons; Epicurus: ChrisO and Interstate295revisited / Wikimedia Commons; Anselm of Canterbury: unknown, late 16th century / Wikimedia Commons; Bonaventure: unknown, 16501660 / Claude Franois / Wikimedia Commons; Pascal: unknown, circa 1690 / Wikimedia Commons
ISBN 978-0-8308-7369-2 (digital)
ISBN 978-0-8308-5222-2 (print)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Evans, C. Stephen, author.
Title: A history of western philosophy : from the pre-Socratics to
postmodernism / C. Stephen Evans.
Description: Downers Grove : InterVarsity Press, 2018. | Includes index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018022298 (print) | LCCN 2018025100 (ebook) | ISBN
9780830873692 (eBook) | ISBN 9780830852222 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: PhilosophyHistory.
Classification: LCC B72 (ebook) | LCC B72 .E925 2018 (print) | DDC 190dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018022298
T O A RTHUR H OLMES,
who taught me the history of Western philosophy and is dearly missed,
AND TO A LICE H OLMES,
his wonderful wife, who continues to be a good and faithful friend.
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to InterVarsity Press and especially to Andy Le Peau for the invitation to write a one-volume history of Western philosophy. I initially declined the offer, since I already had many other commitments. However, shortly after I had received the offer, my mentor and dear friend, Arthur Holmes, had a stroke. Arthur Holmes taught me the history of Western philosophy. He also showed the value of philosophy, particularly its value for a Christian. My life was changed by him and his courses in the history of philosophy, as were the lives of so many other students at Wheaton College. After learning of Arthurs illness I changed my mind and decided to write this book as a tribute to him. Shortly before his passing, I was able to visit him and tell him about this project. It is a book I know he wanted me to do. I hope it is a worthy memorial to him, and I am dedicating it to him and to another good friend, his wonderful wife, Alice Holmes.
The book took much longer than I imagined when I agreed to do it, but I have enjoyed the seven years I have worked on it very much. I have learned an enormous amount in the course of the work. I owe a great debt to the students to whom I have taught the history of Western philosophy over a period that now exceeds forty years. I particularly must thank four Baylor students, one undergraduate and three graduate assistants, Abigail Adams, Robert Elisher, Burke Rea, and David Skowronski. Each gave me an enormous amount of help, running down bibliographical references, filling in footnote references, checking quotations, and proofreading for mistakes. Each also gave me good advice on substantive issues. I also need to thank several friends and colleagues who read various chapters and made good suggestions: George Marsden, Douglas Henry, Merold Westphal, David Jeffrey, Brandon Dahm, Tom Ward, and Todd Buras. Thanks are also due to Derek McAllister for creating the index. I apologize to anyone I have forgotten; seven years is a long time, and my memory is not what it used to be. Finally, I must thank my wife, Jan Evans, the love of my life, without whom I could never have written this book. Her patience, support, and encouragement cannot be measured.
1
Introduction to the Project
This book is a history of Western philosophy. Before launching into the subject properly, it seems fitting to reflect on the key terms that define the project. What is philosophy? What is history, and what kind of history is required for a history of philosophy? Finally, what does it mean to be Western? These are all daunting questions that could easily require book-length treatments, so all I can do in the space available is sketch the perspectives on them that will be assumed in this work.