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Udo Schnelle - The First One Hundred Years of Christianity

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Udo Schnelle The First One Hundred Years of Christianity
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Originally published as Udo Schnelle, Die ersten 100 Jahre des Christentums , 3. vernderte Auflage

2019 by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co. KG, Gttingen. All rights reserved.

English translation 2020 by Baker Publishing Group

Published by Baker Academic

a division of Baker Publishing Group

PO Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287

www.bakeracademic.com

Ebook edition created 2020

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any meansfor example, electronic, photocopy, recordingwithout the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

ISBN 978-1-4934-2242-5

Contents

Cover

Half Title Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Illustrations

Translators Preface

Authors Preface to the American Edition

Abbreviations

1. On Writing a History of Origins

1.1 History as Interpretation of the Present and the Past

1.2 History and Method

2. Definition and Demarcation of the Epoch

2.1 Primitive Christianity or Early Christianity?

2.2 The Chronological Framework

3. Presuppositions and Contexts

3.1 Hellenism as a World Culture

3.2 Greco-Roman Culture

3.3 Judaism

3.4 The Political and Economic Situation in the Roman Empire in the First and Second Centuries CE

4. The New Movement of Christ-Believers

4.1 The Easter Events

4.2 The Origin of Christology

4.3 The Founder of a New Discourse and New Thinking

5.1 The Beginnings

5.2 Groups and Persons

5.3 Places: The Temple

5.4 Conflicts

5.5 Theological Institutions and Discourse

5.6 Texts: The Passion Narrative

5.7 The Theological Development of the Early Jerusalem Church

6. Early Churches and Early Mission outside Jerusalem

6.1 Contexts: Mobility and Religious-Philosophical Variety in the Roman Empire

6.2 Persons

6.3 Groups: The Jesus Movement

6.4 Lands and Places

6.5 Competitors and Conflicts

6.6 The Development of the Communitys Own Cult Praxis and Theology: The First Forms of Institutionalization

6.7 Texts

6.8 The First Missionary Journey and the Mission to the Gentiles without the Requirement of Circumcision

6.9 The Three Great Currents at the Beginning

7. The Apostolic Conference

7.1 The Initial Conflict

7.2 The Essential Problem

7.3 The Process

7.4 The Result

7.5 Interpretations of the Outcome

7.6 The Incident at Antioch

8. The Independent Mission of Paul

8.1 Perspective, Process, and Conflicts

8.2 Persons

8.4 External Discourse

8.5 Internal Discourse

8.6 Theology in Letter Form: The Pauline Letters

8.7 Paul and the Development of Early Christianity as an Independent Movement

9. The Crisis of Early Christianity around 70 CE

9.1 The Deaths of Peter, Paul, and James and the First Persecutions

9.2 The Destruction of the Temple, the Fall of the Jerusalem Church, and the Fiscus Judaicus

9.3 The Rise of the Flavians

9.4 The Writing of the Gospels and Pseudepigraphy as Innovative Responses to Crises

10. The Establishment of Early Christianity

10.1 A New Genre for a New Era: The Gospels

10.2 The Synoptic Gospels and Acts as Master Narratives

10.3 The Continuing Legacy of Paul

10.4 Johannine Christianity as the Fourth Great Stream

10.5 Jewish Christianity as an Enduring Power

10.6 Perceptions by Outsiders

11. Dangers and Threats

11.1 The Delay of the Parousia

11.2 Poor and Rich

11.3 Controversies, False Teachers, and Opponents

11.4 Structures and Offices

11.5 Conflicts with Judaism after 70 CE

12. The Persecutions of Christians and the Imperial Cult

12.1 The Imperial Cult as a Political Religion

12.2 Persecution under Nero

12.3 Persecution under Domitian?

12.4 Pliny and Trajan concerning Christianity

13.1 The New Narrative and the New Language of the Christians

13.2 New Perspectives about God

13.3 Serving as a Model of Success

13.4 Early Christianity as a Religion of the City and of Education

13.5 The Major Theological Currents and Networks near the End of the First Century

13.6 The Expansion of Early Christianity

14. The Transition to the Ancient Church

14.1 Claims to Power and Established Structures

14.2 The Emergence of Another Message: Early Gnosticism

15. Fifteen Reasons for the Success of Early Christianity

Works Cited

Index of Authors

Index of Selected Subjects

Index of Selected References

Cover Flaps

Back Cover

Illustrations

Maps

3.1. The Military Campaigns of Alexander the Great

3.6. The Roman Empire in New Testament Times

6.1. The First Missionary Journey

8.1. The Second Missionary Journey

8.7. The Third Missionary Journey

Photos

3.2. Greek Temple in Paestum

3.3. The Sanctuary of Delphi

3.4. The Temple of Isis in Pompeii

3.5. Arch of Titus in Rome

8.2. The Stoa of Athens

8.3. The Sanctuary of Apollo in Corinth

8.4. The Theater in Ephesus

8.5. Two Portrayals of Artemis of Ephesus

8.6. The Celsus Library

8.8. The Ekklesiasterion in Paestum

8.9. The Erastus Inscription

9.1. The Possible Place of Pauls Tomb

13.1. The Theater at Hierapolis

Tables

1. Philosophical Schools/Movements

2. Chronology of Jewish Literature

3. Chronology of World History and Palestine

4. Sequence of the Jerusalem Conference according to Paul and Luke

5. Chronology of Early Christianity to 50 CE

6. Chronology of Early Christianity to 70 CE

7. Early Church Locations

8. Estimated Growth of Christianity per Decade

9. Chronology of Early Christianity to 130 CE

Translators Preface

I n the last generation, the works of Udo Schnelle have had a major impact on English-speaking scholars and students, who have benefited from his encyclopedic knowledge and depth of insight about a wide range of topics related to the New Testament. Translations of Antidocetic Christology in the Gospel of John ; The Human Condition: Anthropology in the Teachings of Jesus, Paul, and John ; History and Theology of the New Testament Writings ; Theology of the New Testament ; Apostle Paul: His Life and Theology , and numerous articles that have appeared in English have been valuable resources for scholars who do not have access to his original publications. These works in English translation, however, represent only a small part of the scholarly productivity that has been available for decades to German readers.

The First Hundred Years of Christianity builds on the results of the previous works and advances beyond the traditional questions of New Testament introduction and theology by offering a coherent vision of the historical development of the Christian movement from roughly 30 CE to about 130 CE. Beginning with the Greco-Roman and Jewish context, Schnelle demonstrates the variety of streams within the Jesus movement of the first generation and the historical forces that led to the spread of Christianity during this period.

This book reflects an extraordinary knowledge of both primary and secondary sources. As one of the editors of the Neuer Wettstein (cited here as NW ), a collection of texts from the Hellenistic world, Schnelle has a rare mastery of primary sources, which he demonstrates throughout the book. Using more than 1,700 secondary sources representing current scholarship, Schnelle engages the most recent scholarship on the environment of early Christianity.

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