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Introducing Aristotle guides the reader through an explosion of theories, from the establishment of systematic logic to the earliest rules of science. Aristotles authority extended beyond his own lifetime to influence fundamentally Islamic philosophy and medieval scholasticism. For fifteen centuries, he remained the paradigm of knowledge itself. But can Aristotelian realism still be used to underpin our conception of the world today?
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Published by Icon Books Ltd, Omnibus Business Centre, 3941 North Road, London N7 9DP
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www.introducingbooks.com
ISBN: 978-184831-986-8
Text copyright 2012 Icon Books Ltd
Illustrations copyright 2012 Icon Books Ltd
The author and illustrator has asserted their moral rights
Originating editor: Richard Appignanesi
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
The Master of those who know.
Dante Alighieri (12651321), poet of The Divine Comedy
Aristotle has been described as the most intelligent person who ever lived. He had an impact on human culture, understanding and knowledge that is difficult to match. Many of the ways in which we think can be traced back to him and his work, all too often unacknowledged today. In particular, the rational, scientific and technological culture that pervades much of the Western world owes more to him than to anyone else. He also made major contributions to the development of ethics, psychology, biology, politics and our appreciation of literature.
From a distance of two and a half thousand years, Aristotle remains a shadowy figure.
I WAS BORN IN THE SMALL TOWN OF STAGIRA, A GREEK COLONY IN THRACE, IN 384 BC. MY FATHER WAS NICOMACHUS, THE COURT DOCTOR TO KING AMYNTAS OF MACEDONIA.
It may be that the family had acted in this role for some generations of Macedonian Kings. The medical background is also significant. Medicine, even then, would have depended on acute observation, and this characterizes all of Aristotles work.
It is not known whether Aristotle practised medicine during his lifetime, but he did say later, rather pompously
A MAN IS ADEQUATELY EDUCATED IF HE KNOWS THE THEORY OF MEDICINE BUT DOES NOT HAVE THE PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE.
He probably had a prosperous childhood, in a comfortable rather than magnificent court, where a high priority was put on combining theoretical wisdom with pragmatic action.
Aristotle lost both his parents while still a youth and passed into the care of Proxenus, who was probably a relative of his father. His intelligence must have been evident, because at seventeen he was sent to complete his education in Athens. The Thracian scholars must have become exasperated with a brilliant pupil for whom they could do nothing more. Shortly after he arrived in Athens, he joined Platos Academy.
Platos reputation attracted students and scholars from all over the eastern Mediterranean, as well as the sons of prosperous and powerful Athenians.
PLATO (c. 428-347 BC) WAS ALREADY FAMOUS FOR HIS OWN PHILOSOPHICAL IDEAS AND HIS ACCOUNTS OF SOCRATES (470-399 BC).
Plato encouraged penetrating discussions of obscure and difficult topics, but also taught the youth of Athens as a preparation for their adult life.
PARTICIPATION IN CIVIC AFFAIRS IS A DUTY FOR CITIZENS OF ATHENS. SOME TRAINING IN POLITICS AND ETHICS IS NEEDED. DINNERS IN ATHENS, WHERE STUDENTS AND OTHERS DISCUSS PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES, ARE CALLED SYMPOSIA.
A symposium could be sublimely intellectual or downright orgiastic. We should not, however, be thinking about the Academy in terms of examinations or qualifications. It sounds like the ideal life, and Aristotles later writings seem to indicate that he thought so.
Aristotle stayed for about twenty years in Platos Academy and must have become a very senior member. We know frustratingly little about the relationship between the two most significant philosophers in the greatest philosophical period of Western history. The intellectual legacies of Plato and Aristotle are sharply divergent, but this divergence may have taken place after Aristotle left the Academy. On the other hand, he may have, with the arrogance of youth, opposed Platos ideas from the start.
PLATO CALLED HIM THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE SCHOOL. I ALSO SAID THAT ARISTOTLE NEEDED A BRIDLE RATHER THAN A SPUR. AND I REFERRED TO PLATOS ACADEMY AS OUR FRIENDS.
So it is safe to assume that the relationship might have been acrimonious from time to time, but was not bitter. Isocrates (436338 BC) had a rival school to the Academy. Aristotle wrote and spoke on the opposing Academy team.
Plato died in 347 BC and Aristotle left the school. We dont know why, but we can guess at some possibilities. Maybe it was because the Academy was putting too much emphasis on mathematics and pure theory and not enough on the practical sciences that interested Aristotle. The school passed into the hands of Platos nephew, Speusippus, who was not distinguished.
ARISTOTLE MAY HAVE THOUGHT THAT HE SHOULD HAVE BEEN APPOINTED SUCCESSOR.
BUT THERE COULD ALSO HAVE BEEN A POLITICAL FACTOR INVOLVED.
Athens and Macedon were not on the best of terms because Philip of Macedon, Amyntas successor, had recently sacked another Greek city. Aristotle might have been seen to be too pro-Macedonian. It may also have been the case that ownership of a school was possible only for citizens, and Aristotle was never an Athenian citizen.
Aristotle was away for twelve years. He went first to Atarneus, on the coast of Asia Minor, the other side of the Aegean Sea. The local ruler, or tyrant as they were called, was Hermias, who seems to have had some links with the Academy and who had fostered a small academic community under his protection. Hermias provided Aristotle and a friend, Xenocrates, who had gone with him with all that they needed.
Aristotle married Hermias niece, Pythias, who bore him a daughter. They might have been in love.
In The Politics, which he may well have written at this time, he says that the ideal age for a man to marry was thirty-seven, and for a woman, eighteen. Since he was thirty-seven at the time, we may guess that Pythias was eighteen. He also strongly, and rather oddly, condemned adultery, calling it disgraceful.
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