Hofstadter Douglas R. - Surfaces and essences: analogy as the fuel and fire of thinking

SURFACES AND ESSENCES

SURFACES AND ESSENCES

ANALOGY AS THE FUEL AND FIRE OF THINKING

DOUGLAS HOFSTADTER & EMMANUEL SANDER

BASIC BOOKS

A Member of the Perseus Books Group

New York

Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made to the following individuals and organizations for permission to use material that they have provided or to quote from sources for which they hold the rights. Every effort has been made to locate the copyright owners of material reproduced in this book. Omissions that are brought to our attention will be corrected in subsequent editions.

Photograph of Mark Twain: CORBIS

Photograph of Edvard Grieg: Michael Nicholson/CORBIS

Photograph of Albert Einstein: Philippe Halsman/Magnum Photos

Photograph of Albert Schweitzer: Bettmann/CORBIS

We also most warmly thank Kellie Gutman and Tony Hoagland for their generous permission to publish their poems in this volume.

Copyright 2013 by Basic Books

Published by Basic Books

A Member of the Perseus Books Group

Designed by Douglas Hofstadter

Cover by Nicole Caputo and Andrea Cardenas

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2013932688

ISBN: 978-0-465-02158-1 (e-book)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To Francesco Bianchini

and

To Michal, Tom, and Talia

As we look back, fondly reliving the genesis of our book, we vividly recall the first key moment, which took place in mid-July, 1998, at an academic congress, in Sofia, Bulgaria. The occasion was the first international conference on the subject of analogy. Organized by Boicho Kokinov, Keith Holyoak, and Dedre Gentner, this memorable meeting assembled researchers from many countries, who, in an easy-going and lively atmosphere, exchanged ideas about their shared passion. Chance thus brought the two of us together for the first time in Sofia, and we found we had an instant personal rapport a joyous bright spark that gradually developed into a long-term and very strong friendship.

In 20012002, Douglas Hofstadter spent a sabbatical year in Bologna, Italy, and during that period he was invited by Jean-Pierre Dupuy to give a set of lectures on cognition at the cole Polytechnique in Paris. At that time, Emmanuel Sander had just published his first book an in-depth study of analogy-making and categorization and at one of the lectures he proudly presented a copy of it to his new friend, who, upon reading it, was delighted to discover how deeply similar was the vision that its author and he had of what cognition is really about. And then some time passed, with a couple of brief get-togethers in Paris and Toulouse, supplemented by email exchanges and phone calls, mixing intellectual content and friendly feelings.

In February of 2005, Doug invited Emmanuel to Bloomington for a gala birthday party he was throwing for his many friends, as he turned 60. One day during that event, he suggested to Emmanuel that he would be very happy to come to Paris for a few weeks to work with Emmanuel in translating his book into English. Emmanuel was very pleased, but shortly after Doug arrived in Paris in July, the original goal mutated into a considerably larger one namely, that of co-authoring a book on the fundamental role of analogy in thought, approaching the topic in a non-technical manner and from many points of view, and using a large sampling of concrete examples to justify the theoretical positions. The book would hopefully be accessible to anyone interested in thinking, yet would also have the high ambition of reaching an academic audience and of putting forth a new and original stance towards cognition. This thus was the moment of our books conception!

Over a three-week period in Paris, many ideas were tossed about, and the result was a forty-page document that featured snips of conversations between the two future co-authors, many notes on ideas for the book, and a very preliminary sketch of what its chapters might look like. And then, for the next four years 2006 to 2009 each of the authors made a month-long visit to the other one in his home town. Adding to that, Doug spent an eight-month sabbatical in Paris in 2010. During all this time, there was a constant exchange of ideas via email and via phone, allowing the book to evolve from a few cells into a viable complex organism.

As all this shows, the present book is the fruit of a long collaboration, and finally it has reached maturity. Its authors have invested in it the hope that it has a message with enduring value, even if it is clearly rooted in todays culture and style of life in fact, it is rooted in vibrant thought, as we fondly recall one of our friends putting it. But we hope that, despite the spatial and temporal specificity of its origins, its key ideas are universal enough that they will withstand the passage of time.

We are quite proud of the fact that our joint book is the result of a very unusual creative process. Not just written by two people, it was written in two languages at the same time. To be more specific, this book has two originals one in French and one in English. Each is a translation of the other, or perhaps neither of them is a translation. But however you choose to look at it, the two versions of this book have equal standing. They are two highly distinct concrete incarnations of one immaterial entity namely, this book as it exists on the ethereal plane not of words but of ideas.

To be sure, the writing process involved countless acts of translation, but those acts took place at the very moment that the original text was being generated. Sometimes they carried ideas from English to French, and sometimes they went in the other direction, but what is key here is that these back-and-forth exchanges between the brains of the two authors were accompanied and this is a rare thing by back-and-forth exchanges between two languages, which led, in a convergent fashion, to many modifications of the original text, bringing it into closer alignment with its translation, and then the resulting text went once more around the bilingual, bicultural, bicerebral loop, until finally, after a good number of iterations back and forth, things reached a satisfactory equilibrium.