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Ernest Gellner - Words and Things: A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology

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Ernest Gellner Words and Things: A Critical Account of Linguistic Philosophy and a Study in Ideology
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WORDS AND THINGS
A CRITICAL ACCOUNT OF LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHY AND A STUDY IN IDEOLOGY

by ERNEST GELLNER

with an introduction by BERTRAND RUSSELL

BEACON PRESS BEACON HILL BOSTON

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1959 by Ernest Gellner

First published in Great Britain in 1959 by Victor Gollancz, Ltd.

First published in the United States in 1960 by the Beacon Press

Printed in the United States of America

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The later Wittgenstein... seems to have grown tired of serious thinking and to have invented a doctrine which would make such an activity unnecessary. I do not for one moment believe that the doctrine which has these lazy consequences is true...

The desire to understand the world is, they think, an outdated folly.

Bertrand Russell

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Ernest Gellner, on leaving Oxford (where he was a scholar of Balliol), became an Assistant in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh. He is at present Reader in Sociology at the London School of Economics, and is responsible for the teaching of philosophy in his Department.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I AM GREATLY indebted to Mrs. E. Llewellyn for secretarial assistance, to Donald Aldridge for designing the diagram, to Charles Taylor and Arnold Kaufman for reading the book at various stages and making valuable suggestions, and to Norman Birnbaum, Dennis Duerden and Norman Hotopf for reading parts of it and making critical or encouraging comments. The responsibility for the views expressed is of course mine only.

My philosophical debts are obvious or indicated in the text. But I should also express my thanks to the members of the Social Anthropology Department at the L.S.E., who taught me how, without prejudice to its validity, one should see a set of related ideas and practices as a system of mutually supporting, and sometimes conflicting parts, and interpret it in terms of the services it performs and the conditions it requires in the social context of which it is a part.

But my greatest individual debt, and a very considerable one indeed, is to John Hajnal, whose painstaking notes and patient discussions have helped me to be less confused than would otherwise be the case.

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[This page intentionally left blank.]

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CONTENTS
Chapter I: Of Linguistic Philosophy
Section 1 Introductory
2 First Approaches
3 A Theory of Philosophy
4 A Theory of the World and of Language
5 A Theory of Mind
Chapter II: Of Language
Section 1 The Theory of Language Expanded
2 Language Games
3 The Four Pillars
4 The Argument from Paradigm Cases
5 From Fact to Norm
6 The Contrast Theory of Meaning
7 General Comments on the Three Fallacies
8 The Cult of the Fox
9 Everything is Unlike Everything Else
10 The Best of all Possible Languages
Chapter III: Of Philosophy
Section 1 Activity not Doctrine
2 The Imperturbable Universe
3 Flashback
4 Logical Atomism
5 Logical Positivism
6 Logical Constructions
7 Common Sense
8 Transition
9 Appearance and Reality, or Monsieur Jour
dain's Revolt

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Chapter IV: Of the World
Section 1 The Secret of the Universe
2 Naturalism
3 A Special Kind of Naturalism
4 The Bait and the Trap
5 The Turn of the Screw
6 Triple Star
7 De Luxe
Chapter V: Of Knowledge
Section 1 The Circle of Knowledge
2 Multiplication beyond Necessity
3 Some Contrasts
4 Realism and Idealism
5 What One Looks Like when not Looking
6 "Seeing the World Rightly"
7 The Sages of Lagado
8 Not to Ask the Reason Why
9 The Proselytising Solipsist
10 The Elusive but Comforting Doctrine
11 The Delphic Insight
12 The Argument from Impotence
13 Conclusion
Chapter VI: Structure and Strategy
Diagram, Explanation and Instructions for Use
Section 1 The Structure of Linguistic Philosophy
2 The Spectrum
3 The Prayer-Wheel
4 The Needle in the Haystack
5 Philosophy by Filibuster
6 The Reluctant Centipede
7 The Withering away of Philosophy

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Section 8 The Spurious Fox
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