Ross - Before Salem

I. Before freedom: to 1865 : 1. The promise of American life : The Declaration of Independence, 1776 ; The Constitution of the United States, 1787 -- 2. Defining status: slave and freeman : The slave code of Alabama -- 3. Racial ideology: opinion in the young republic : Thomas Jefferson, 1785 ; Samuel Stanhope Smith, 1787 ; Josiah Priest, 1851 ; George Fitzhugh, 1854 ; Theodore Parker, 1846 ; Abraham Lincoln, 1858 ; Louis Agassiz, 1863 -- 4. The black man in the courts: inequality affirmed : Robert v. city of Boston, 1849 ; Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 -- 5. The civil war: end of chattel slavery : The emancipation proclamation, 1863 ; The Thirteenth Amendment, 1865 ; First Freedmens Bureau Act, 1865 -- II. The first shock of freedom: 1865-1883 : 1. Racial ideology: Anglo-Saxon master-racism : Josiah Strong, 1882 -- 2. Views from the White House : Andrew Johnson, 1865 ; Ulysses S. Grant, 1869, 1873 ; Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877 ; James A. Garfield, 1881 ; Chester A. Arthur, 1881 -- 3. The national party platforms : Campaign of 1868 ; Campaign of 1872 ; Campaign of 1876 ; Campaign of 1880 -- 4. Status of the ex-slave: the Black Codes : The Mississippi black code, 1865 -- 5. The crop lien system : The Mississippi crop lien law, 1867 --6. The birth of Jim Crow : Railway segregation act, Florida, 1865 ; Railway segregation act, Mississippi, 1865 -- 7. Control of reconstruction by congress : The beginning of federal civil rights legislation : The Civil Rights Act of 1866. The reconstruction acts : First reconstruction act, 1867. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments, 1868,1870 ; The force acts : First enforcement act, 1870 ; Enforcement (Ku Klux) Act, 1871. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 -- 8. Defying the Fifteenth Amendment -- 9. The Supreme Court and the Negro, 1865-1883 : Devitalizing the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments : The slaughterhouse cases, 1873 ; United States v. Reese, 1876 ; United States v. Cruikshank, 1876 ; Hall v. De Cuir, 1878. The Fourteenth amendment and jury service : Strauder v. West Virginia, 1880 ; Ex parte Virginia, 1880 ; Virginia v. Rives, 1880. The franchise, the Civil Rights Act, and the Constitution : Ex parte Siebold, 1880. Unequal punishment and the Fourteenth Amendment : Pace v. Alabama, 1882. The Supreme Court and the Ku Klux Act : United States v. Harris, 1883. The Supreme Court stops federal protection of civil rights : The civil rights cases, 1883 -- 10. State laws to protect civil rights : Louisiana, 1869 ; Florida, 1873 ; North Carolina, 1876 ; New York, 1873 -- 11. Discrimination by state law : Anti-civil rights legislation : Delaware, 1873, 1875. Marriage and other rights of ex-slaves : An act concerning negroes and persons of mixed blood, North Carolina, 1865. Laws prohibiting mixed marriages : Constitution and revised code of Alabama, 1865-1867 ; Florida, 1832 ; Arizona, 1865 ; California, 1852. Definitions of Negro : Georgia, 1865 ; Tennessee, 1865. Unequal punishment for blacks : Kentucky, 1867 ; Florida, 1866 ; Kentucky, 1869. Exclusion for jury service : West Virginia, 1872. Separate schools by legislation : Alabama, 1875 ; Georgia, 1877 ; Mississippi, 1878. The first permanent Jim Crow laws: Tennessee : Permissive act, Tennessee, 1875 ; Mandatory act, Tennessee, 1881 -- 12. Civil rights and the state courts, 1865-1883 : Prohibition of intermarriage : Green v. state, 1871 ; State v. Gibson, 1871 ; Frasher v. State, 1877 ; Francois v. State, 1880. Public transportation: segregation affirmed : West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad Co. v. Miles, 1867 ; De Cuir v. Benson, 1875. Segregated schools sustained : Ward v. Flood, 1874 ; People v. Gallagher, 1883. Vocational exclusions approved : In re Taylor, 1877. Definitions of the Negro appraised : People v. Dean, 1866 ; Monroe v. Collins, 1867. Unequal punishment for blacks upheld : Ellis v. State, 1868 ; Ford v. State, 1875 ; Pace and Cox v. state, 1881 -- III. Fading Hopes, 1883-1910 : 1. Racial ideology: turn-of-the-century views : Some southern demagogues: James K. Vardman, Ben Tillman, and Tom Watson, ca. 1910 ; Charles Carroll, 1900 ; A reply to Charles Carrol, 1903 ; William Benjamin Smith, 1905 ; Frederick L. Hoffman, 1891 ; G. Stanley Hall, 1905 ; Franz Boas, 1894 ; Booker T. Washington, 1895 ; W. E. B. DuBois, 1903 ; The Niagara Movements declaration of principles, 1906 -- 2. Views from the White House : Grover Cleveland, 1885 ; Benjamin Harrison, 1889 ; William McKinley, 1897 ; Theodore Roosevelt, 1905 ; William Howard Taft, 1908 -- 3. The national party platforms, 1884-1908 : Campaign of 1884 ; Campaign of 1888 ; Campaign of 1892 ; Campaign of 1896 ; Campaign of 1900 ; Campaign of 1904 ; Campaign of 1908 -- 4. State laws to protect civil rights : Tennessee, 1885 ; Arkansas, 1909 ; Kentucky, 1906 ; Michigan, 1885 ; New Jersey, 1898 ; Massachusetts, 1896 ; Indiana, 1899 -- 5. Discrimination by state law : Reinforcing the ban on racial intermarriage : Florida, 1885 ; Alabama, 1901 ; Montana, 1909. Defining the Negro : Oklahoma, 1907 ; Arkansas, 1891, 1911. Prescribing segregation in public conveyances : Louisiana, 1890 ; Louisiana, 1894 ; Georgia, 1899 ; North Carolina, 1907. Miscellaneous provisions for separate facilities : Florida, 1885 ; Kentucky, 1891 ; Alabama, 1901 ; Kentucky, 1904 ; Florida, 1903 ; Arkansas, 1903. Restricting the franchise : Mississippi, 1890 ; A grandfather clause, Louisiana, 1898 ; Disfranchisement and the Virginia constitutional convention, 1901-1902 -- 6. The Supreme Court and the black American, 1883-1910 : Preserving the restricted franchise : Ex parte Yarbrough, 1884 ; James v. Bowman, 1903 ; William v. Mississippi, 1897. Separate-but-equal upheld: public conveyances : Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas railway v. Mississippi, 1897 ; Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896. Separate schools approved : Berea college v. Kentucky, 1908 ; Cumming v. county board of education, 1899. Jury service and equal protection : Carter v. Texas, 1899. Peonage outlawed : Bailey v. Alabama, 1910 -- 7. The state courts and civil rights, 1883-1910 : Separate schools sustained : Berea College v. Commonwealth, 1906 ; Williams v. Board of Education of the City of Parsons, 1908 ; Puitt v. Gaston Country, 1886. Public conveyances: Jim Crow defended : Ex parte Plessy, 1892 ; Patterson v. Taylor, 1906. Public accommodations: inequality overruled : Ferguson v. Gies, 1890 ; Baylies v. Curry, 1899 ; Rhone v. Loomis, 1898 ; In re Russs application, 1898. Jury service: equal protection in doubt : Tarrance v. Florida, 1901 ; State v. Peoples, 1902 -- IV. Hopes deferred: the color line holds: 1910-1938 : 1. Racial ideology: some early twentieth-century attitudes : Henry Fairfield Osborn, 1924 ; Madison Grant, 1916, 1933 ; Henry Pratt Fairchild, 1926 ; Lothrop Stoddard, 1923 ; Franz Boas, 1911 ; Thomas R. Garth, 1931 ; Otto Klineberg, 1935 ; The national urban league, 1923 ; The national association for the advancement of colored people, 1910 -- 2. Views from the White House : Woodrow Wilson, 1913 ; Warren G. Harding, 1921 ; Calvin Coolidge, 1921 ; Herbert Hoover, 1932 ; Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933 -- 3. The national party platforms : Campaigns of 1912, 1916, and 1920 ; Campaign of 1924 ; Campaign of 1928 ; Campaign of 1932 ; Campaign of 1936 -- 4. State laws to protect civil rights : Anti-defamation laws : California, 1925 ; Illinois, 1917, 1919. Laws against violence and lynching : Kentucky, 1920 ; Louisiana, 1924. A law to prohibit segregated schools : Pennsylvania, 1911. Fair employment laws : New York, 1918 ; Illinois, 1933. A comprehensive and civil rights law : New York, 1913 -- 5. Discrimination by state law : Restricting the franchise: the white primary : Texas, 1923 ; Texas, 1927. School segregation laws : Arizona, 1927. Miscellaneous Jim Crow laws : Kentucky, 1928 ; Arkansas, 1909, 1913, 1919 ; Georgia, 1925 ; Alabama, 1911, 1915 ; Oklahoma, 1931 ; Louisiana, 1914 ; Mississippi, 1920. Residential segregation prescribed : Virginia, 1912 -- 6. The federal courts and the black American, 1910-1938 : Separate-but-equal reaffirmed : McCabe v. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe railway company, 1914. Residential segregation: cracking the ghettos walls : Buchanan v. Warley, 1917 ; Corrifan v. Buckley, 1926 ; Richmond v. Deans, 1927. Fair trials: new gains : Moore v. Dempsey, 1923 ; Aldridge v. United States, 1931 ; Powell v. Alabama, 1932 ; Norris v. Alabama, 1935 ; Brown v. Mississippi, 1936. Separate schools sustained ; The franchise: the struggle continues : Guinn v. United States, 1915 ; Nixon v. Herndon, 1927 ; Nixon v. Condon, 1932 ; Grovey v. Townsend, 1935 ; Trudeau v. Barnes, 1933 -- 7. Civil rights and the state courts, 1910-1938 : Segregated education: increasing ambivalence : University of Maryland v. Murray, 1935 ; Williams v. Bradford, 1911 ; Tucker v. Blease, 1914 ; Wright v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1929. Residential segregation: affirmed and denied : Buchanan v. Warley, 1915 ; Harris v. City of Louisville, 1915 ; Harden v.City of Atlanata, 1917 ; Jackson v. State, 1918 ; Tyler v. Harmon, 1925 ; Parmalee v. Morris, 1922 ; Wyatt v. Adair, 1927. Public facilities: limited progress toward equality : Guy v. Tri-state Amusement Company, 1918 ; Holden v. Grand Rapids Operating Company, 1927. Segregated transportation on the defensive : Illinois Central Railway Company v. Redmond, 1919. Juries and fair trial: increasing surveillance : Washington v. State, 1928 ; Carrick v. State, 1929. The franchise: the white primary approved : White v. Lubbock, 1930 -- V. Reviving hopes: 1938-1954 : 1. Racial ideology: equalitarianism and dissent : Gunnar Myrdal, 1944 ; John Gillin, 1948 ; Marion Krogman, 1945 ; Ruth Benedict and Gene Weltfish, 1943 ; Theodore Bilbo, 1947 -- 2. Views from the White House : Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1941, 1944 ; Harry S, Truman, 1947 -- 3. The national party platforms : Campaign of 1940 ; Campaign of 1944 ; Campaign of 1948 ; Campaign of 1952 -- 4. State civil rights legislation : Outlawing school segregation : Indiana, 1949. Forbidding the spread of racial hatred : Indiana, 1947. A fair employment practices law : Connecticut, 1943. A fair educational practice law : New York, 1948. Discrimination outlawed in public housing : Massachusetts, 1946. A general civil rights law : New York, 1945. An anti-defamation statue in the South : Florida, 1945 -- 5. Discrimination by state law : The reach of discriminatory legislation ; The franchise: new constraints : Boswell amendment, 1945 ; Georgia, 1949. Segregated transportation reaffirmed : Alabama, 1945. Segregated cemeteries preserved : North Carolina, 1947. The southern regional education program -- 6. The federal courts and the black American, 1938 - 1954 : The franchise: toward compliance with the constitution : Lane v. Wilson, 1939 ; Smith v. Allwright, 1944 ; Rice v. Elmore, 1947 ; Brown v. Baskin, 1948 ; Davis v. Schnell, 1949 ; Terry v. Adams, 1953. Segregated education: the beginning of the end : Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada, 1938 ; Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma, 1948 ; Sweatt v. Painter, 1950 ; McLaurin v. Oklahoma state regents, 1950 ; Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 1954 ; Mills v. Board of Education of Anne Arundel County, 1939. Segregated housing and restrictive covenants : Favors v. Randall, 1941 ; Shelley v. Kraemer, 1948 ; Barrows v. Jackson, 1953. Segregated transportation: the collapse of legal Jim Crow : Mitchell v. United States, 1941 ; Morgan v. Virginia, 1945 ; Whiteside v. southern bus lines, 1949 ; Henderson v. United States interstate commerce commission and southern railway. Fair trials: qualified goods : Smith v. Texas, 1940 ; Chambers v. Florida, 1940 ; Screws v. United States, 1945. Public accommodations: approaching equal treatment : Sweeney v. city of Louisiana, 1951 ; Muir v. Louisville park theatrical association, 1953 ; District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson company, 1953 -- 7. The state courts and civil rights, 1938-1954 : Higher education: gains for equal protection : McCready v. Byrd, 1950 ; Parker v. University of Delaware, 1950. Miscegenation: challenging the ban : Perez v. Lippold, 1948. Segregated transportation sustained : Commonwealth v. Carolina coach company of Virginia, 1951. Residential segregation approved : Kraemer v. Shelley ; Sipes v. McGhee, 1946 ; Clinard v. City of Winston-Salem, 1940. Fair trials : State v. Logan, 1937 -- 8. Federal executive action promoting civil rights, 1937-1954 : Executive order 8802, 1941 ; Executive order 9809, 1946 ; Presidents committee on civil rights, 1947 ; Executive order 9981, 1948 -- VI. Progress, stalemate, or reaction? 1954-1970 : 1. Racial ideology: conservatives, moderates, and militants : The white citizens councils of America, 1965 ; Paul Bohannon, 1963 ; The churches, 1963 ; The report of the national advisory committee on civil disorders, 1968 ; Harry Golden, 1956 ; Martin Luther King, Jr., 1958, 1963 ; The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, 1967, 1968 ; Whitney Young, 1964 ; James Farmer, 1965 ; Elijah Muhammad, 1965 ; Malcolm X, ca. 1966 ; Le Roi Jones, 1966 ; Stokely Carmichael, 1966 ; The conference on black power, 1967 ; Eldridge Cleaver, 1968 ; The black manifesto 1969 -- 2. Views from the White House : Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1959 ; John F. Kennedy, 1963 ; Lyndon B. Johnson, 1965 ; Richard M. Nixon, 1969 -- 3. The national party platforms, 1956-1968 : Campaign of 1956 ; Campaign of 1960 ; Campaign of 1964 ; Campaign of 1968 -- 4. State laws to protect civil rights : Anti-segregation statutes and ordinances : Massachusetts, 1965 ; Southern cities, 1956-1963. Fair employment laws : Illinois, 1961. Fair housing enactments ; Public accommodations statutes : Vermont, 1957. General civil rights laws : Kentucky, 1966. Miscellaneous rights statutes : Miscegenation and intermarriage, 1959-1967 ; Hospitals, Chicago, 1956 ; Instruction in negro history, California, 1965 -- 5. State discriminatory laws: reaction to the Brown decision : Miscellaneous discriminatory statures : Blood banks: Louisiana, 1958 ; Beaches: Florida, 1957 ; Eating and sanitary facilities: Louisiana, 1956 ; Entertainment: Louisiana, 1956 ; Sports and games: Virginia, 1956, Alabama, 1957 ; Use of a municipal golf course: Alabama, 1956 ; Sale of public facilities: Georgia, 1956 ; Public parks and recreation centers: Louisiana, 1956 ; Selecting business clientele: Mississippi, 1956 ; State parks: South Carolina, 1956 ; Housing, California, 1964. The franchise and elections: renewed discrimination : Louisiana, 1960 ; Georgia, 1958. State legislation to thwart school desegregation: Nullification and interposition : Alabama, 1956 ; South Carolina, 1956, 1957, Virginia, 1956, Arkansas, 1956, the southern manifesto, 1956 ; Anti-barratry laws : South Carolina, 1957 ; Arkansas, 1957 ; Anti-NAACP laws : Arkansas, 1959 ; School closing laws: North Carolina, 1956, Louisiana, 1958 ; Diverting funds to private schools: Virginia, 1956 ; Laws to end compulsory school attendance: Virginia, 1959, North Carolina, 1956 ; Encouraging teachers to shift to private schools: Georgia, 1957 ; Scholarships for private school students: Virginia, 1960 ; Cutoff of state funds from integrated schools: South Carolina, 1955, Virginia, 1956 ; Re-enacting segregation provisions: Louisiana, 1954, Georgia, 1956 ; Denying funds to inefficient schools: Virginia, 1956 ; Pupil assignment laws: North Carolina, 1955, 1956 ; Pupil assignment and freedom-of-choice: Florida, 1965 ; Laws to obstruct Title VI guidelines ; City ordinance to forestall public library desegregation: Danville, Virginia, 1960 -- 6. Executive and legislative action: the federal government resumes the initiative : Executive orders : Executive order 10925, 1961 ; Executive order 11063, 1962 ; Executive order 11114, 1963. Great society measures ; Administrative action: anti-bias order, 1968 ; Federal civil rights laws, 1957-1968 : Civil rights act, 1957 ; Civil rights act, 1960 ; Civil rights act, 1964 ; Compliance regulations ; Public schools and Title VI ; Twenty-fourth amendment, 1964 ; Voting rights act, 1965 ; Civil rights act, 1968 -- 7. The federal courts and the black American, 1954-1970 : Segregated education: the public schools : Brown v. Board of Education, 1955 ; Briggs v. Elliott, 1955 ; Frasier v. Board of Trustees of the University of North Carolina, 1955 ; Cooper v. Aaron, 1958 ; Carson v. McDowell county, 1955 ; School board of Charlottesville v. Allen, 1956 ; Brunson v. Board of Trustees of Clarendon County, 1962 ; Watson v. City of Memphis, 1963 ; Kelley v. Board of Education of Nashville, 1956 ; Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham Board of Education, 1956 ; Norwood v. Tucker, 1961 ; Kelley v. Board of Education of Nashville, 1958 ; Evans v. Ennis, 1960 ; Lockett v. Board of Education of Muscogee County, 1964 ; James v. Almond, 1959 ; Hall v. St. Helena parish, 1961 ; Allen v. Prince Edward county, 1961 ; Griffin v. Prince Edward county, 1964 ; Braxton v. Duval county, 1962 ; Rackley v. Orangeburg County, 1966 ; Taylor v. Board of Education of New Rochelle, 1961 ; Bell v. School City of Gary, 1963 ; Hobson v. Hansen, 1967 ; Responses to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ; Goss v. Board of Education of Knoxville, 1963 ; Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board, 1962 ; Freedom-of-choice and revised guidelines, 1967-1969 ; Court ordered plans, 1967 ; United States v. Jefferson County Board of Education, 1966 ; Lee v. Macon County board of education, 1967 ; Allen v. school board of Prince Edward county, 1967 ; Green v. school board of New Kent county, 1968 ; Barksdale v. Springfield school committee, 1965 ; Olsen v. board of education of Malverne, 1966 ; Offerman v. Nitkowski, 1967 ; United States v. school districts of Cook county, 1968 ; Anthony v. Marshall county board of education, 1969 ; United States v. Montgomery county school board, 1969 ; Nixon administration policy statement, 1969 ; Alexander v. Holmes county board of education, 1969 ; Carter v. West Feliciana school board, 1970. Segregated education: colleges and universities : Public institutions of higher learning : Florida ex rel Hawkins v. board of control of Florida, 1954, 1956 ; Lucy v. Adams, 1955 ; End of absolute segregation at university of Georgia, 1961 ; Holmes v. Danner, 1961 ; Meredith v. Fair, 1962 ; Governor Ross Barnetts proclamation, 1962 ; United states v. Wallace, 1963 ; Governor George Wallaces proclamation, 1963 ; The black student movement, 1967-1970 ; Private institutions of higher learning : the Girard college cases, 1967. The franchise: equality in sight : Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 1960 ; United States v. Alabama, 1960 ; Effects of the civil rights act of 1957-1965 ; United States v. ward and state of Louisiana, 1965 ; South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 1966 ; Gaston county v. United States. Public accommodations: toward equal access : Muir v. theatrical park association, 1954 ; Dawson v. mayor and city council of Baltimore, 1955 ; Holmes v. city of Atlanta, 1955 ; Simkins v. city of Greensboro, 1957 ; Tonkins v. city of Greensboro, 1959 ; Derrington v. Plummer, 1956 ; Burton v. Wilmington parking authority, 1961 ; Coke v. city of Atlanta, 1960 ; Evans v. Newton, 1966 ; Simkins v. Moses Cone memorial hospital, 1963 ; The reach of the civil rights act of 1964 ; Heart of Atlanta motel v. United States ; Willis and Kennedy v. Pickrick restaurant, 1964 ; Katzenbach v. McClung, 1964 ; Cuevas v. Sdrales, 1965 ; United States v. Northwest Louisiana restaurant club, 1966 ; Daniel and Kyles v. Paul, 1969 ; Sullivan v. Little Hunting park, 1970. Miscellaneous discriminations and the federal courts : Racial intermarriage: ending the ban : Loving v. Virginia, 1967. Public transportation: the death of Jim Crow : Browder v. Gayle, 1956 ; Bailey v. Patterson, 1962. The assault upon the NAACP : NAACP v. Alabama, 1958-1964. Sit-ins and demonstrations: qualified support : State v. Fox, 1961 ; Edwards v. South Carolina, 1963 ; Peterson v. city of Greenville, 1963 ; Thomas v. state, 1964 ; State v. Davis, 1964 ; Hamm v. Rock Hill; Luper v. Arkansas, 1964 ; Adderley v. Florida, 1966 ; Walker v. city of Birmingham, 1967. Fair trials: narrowing the gap : Ex parte Hamilton, 1963 ; Collins v. Walker, 1964 ; Carter v. jury commission of Green county, 1970 ; Turner v. Fouche, 1970 ; Arnold v. North Carolina, 1964. Housing: levelling the ghettos walls : Reitman v. Mulkey, 1967 ; Jones v. Mayer, 1968. Employment: new gains for equal opportunity : Colorado anti-discrimination commission v. continental airlines, 1963 ; Todd v. joint apprenticeship committee of steel workers of Chicago, 1963 ; Bell v. Georgia dental association, 1964. Epilogue: a parable : Letter to the New York Times Magazine, October 13, 1968.