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ALSO BY PETER WATSON
N ONFICTION: I DEAS
Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention from Fire to Freud
The Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century
The Great Divide: Nature and Human Nature in the Old World and the New
The German Genius: Europes Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution, and the Twentieth Century
The Age of Atheists: How We Have Sought to Live Since the Death of God
War on the Mind: The Military Uses and Abuses of Psychology
N ONFICTION: A RT
The Medici Conspiracy
Inside Sothebys
From Manet to Manhattan: The Rise of the Modern Art Market
Wisdom & Strength: The Biography of a Renaissance Masterpiece
The Caravaggio Conspiracy
F ICTION
The Nazis Wife
Crusade
Landscape of Lies
Stones of Treason
Capo
Gifts of War
The Clouds Beneath the Sun
Madeleines War
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Copyright 2016 by Peter Watson
Originally published in Great Britain in 2016 by Simon & Schuster UK Ltd.
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Jacket Design by Matt Johnson
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Watson, Peter, 1943
Title: Convergence : the idea at the heart of science : how the different disciplines are coming together to tell one coherent, interlocking story, and making science the basis for other forms of knowledge / Peter Watson.
Description: New York : Simon & Schuster, 2017. | Published in U.K. with different subtitle: Convergence : the deepest idea in the universe. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016059213 (print) | LCCN 2016059734 (ebook) | ISBN 9781476754345 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781476754352 (trade pbk.) | ISBN 9781476754369 (Ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Interdisciplinary approach to knowledge. | ScienceHistory. Classification: LCC Q175.32.K45 W38 2017 (print) | LCC Q175.32.K45 (ebook) | DDC 509dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016059213
ISBN 978-1-4767-5434-5
ISBN 978-1-4767-5436-9 (ebook)
For David Henn and David Wilkinson
It is a wonderful feeling to recognize the unity of a complex of phenomena that to direct observation appear to be quite separate things.
A LBERT E INSTEIN
The history of science teaches us again and again how the extension of our knowledge may lead to the recognition of relations between formerly unconnected groups of phenomena.
N IELS B OHR
By tracing the arrows of explanation back toward their source, we have discovered a striking convergent patternperhaps the deepest thing we have yet learned about the universe.
S TEVEN W EINBERG
We are at a moment of great convergence, when data, science, and technology are all coming together to unravel the biggest mystery yetour future, as individuals and as a society.
A LBERT -L SZL B ARABSI
We shall not rest satisfied until we are able to represent all physical phenomena as an interplay of a vast number of structural units intrinsically alike.
A RTHUR E DDINGTON
Nature is pleased with simplicity.
I SAAC N EWTON
Everything is made of one hidden stuff.
R ALPH W ALDO E MERSON
All of us secretly wish for an ultimate theory, a master set of rules from which all truth would flow.
R OBERT L AUGHLIN
Reality, in the modern conception, appears as a tremendous hierarchical order of organised entities, leading, in a superposition of many levels, from physical and chemical to biological and sociological systems.
L UDWIG VON B ERTALANFFY
As scientific knowledge advances, previously unrelated phenomena are found to be related.
A USTEN C LARK
The universe is orderly. It has certain built-in characteristics that came we know not whence or why but that are determinable and that have not changed during the course of recoverable history.
G EORGE G AYLORD S IMPSON
Reductionism is the primary cutting tool of science.
E DWARD O. W ILSON
We have inherited from our forefathers the keen longing for unified, all-embracing knowledge.
E RWIN S CHRDINGER
The search for the elementary ingredients making up the universe and the deepest laws governing their interactions may be a search that one day draws to a close. The deeper we look, the simpler and more unified the laws become, and there may well be a limit to this process.
B RIAN G REENE
Biology presupposes physics but not vice versa.
R UDOLF C ARNAP
Once there was physics and there was chemistry but there was no biology.
J ULIUS R EBEK
Mathematics can expose the underlying unity of phenomena that otherwise seem unrelated.
S TEVEN S TROGATZ
We live in a world orderly enough that it pays to measure.
G EORGE J OHNSON
Our everyday activity implies a perfect confidence in the universality of the laws of nature.
L UCIEN L VY -B RUHL
It is now evident that where one discipline ends and the other begins no longer matters.
P ATRICIA C HURCHLAND
In every age there is a turning point, a new way of seeing and asserting the coherence of the world.
J ACOB B RONOWSKI
Science aims both to detect order and to create order.
J OHN D UPR
There can be no explanation which is not in need of a further explanation.
K ARL P OPPER
CONTENTS
Preface
CONVERGENCE: THE DEEPEST IDEA IN THE UNIVERSE
I n early April 1912, the Danish physicist Niels Bohr arrived in the bustling city of Manchester in the north of England. When he had first stepped ashore from Denmark, some months previously, he had never imagined working in the industrial heartland of Britain, where the forest of factory chimneys billowed smoke and soot twenty-four hours a day, and where Market Street was said to be the most crowded in all Europe. Instead, his first destination had been the mellow and stately colleges and quadrangles of Cambridge. He had just completed his PhD, in Copenhagen, on the electron theory of metals, and he went to Cambridge to work with J. J. Thomson, the director of the Cavendish Laboratory and the man who, in 1897, had discovered the electron as a fundamental unit of matter, for which he had won the Nobel Prize.
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