Edmon L. Gallagher - The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity: Texts and Analysis
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Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the Universitys objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
Edmon L. Gallagher and John D. Meade 2017
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 2017
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above
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Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2016963298
ISBN 9780198792499
ebook ISBN 9780192511034
Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY
Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
Ed dedicates this work to his cherished wife, Jodi
John dedicates this work to his children:
Charis, Magdalena, Emma June, and Peter
His joy and his delight
The contents of this book represent our primary objective: to seek understanding into the history of the Bible by returning to the ancient sources that comment on it. The ancient authors included in this work lived in a time of great tension, causing pressure from within and from withoutthe proto-orthodox faith (and its schisms) and the relationship of the church to the state not being least among them. These same authors also attested to the disputes about the contents of the canon of Scripture, but everywhere they affirmed that God had spoken and that these written, inspired records or Scriptures contained his revelation for the Church. The reader is invited to listen in on these early voices that contributed significantly to the conversation over and the question about the contents of the Biblea conversation even by their time long underway. We hope our readers will benefit not only from our notes and analysis of the included texts, but alsoand most importantlyfrom reading the texts themselves. Insight into these old questions comes primarily by returning to the sources. What the ancient authors in this volume show us is that many of our present questions regarding the canon of Scripture are not altogether new. They too wondered about which books had authority for church doctrine. They inquired about the role of scriptures that were ultimately not included in the canon of Scripture. So we invite readers to listen to the discussions over the canon at this early period with the hopes that they will gain greater clarity on how early Christians posed these questions and how they might provide the scaffolding for our own understanding of the history of the Bible.
Canon research requires great specialization. We would like to thank the following scholars for their insightful feedback and input on those parts of this work which intersect with their areas of expertise: John Barclay, David Brakke, Stephen Chapman, Stephen Dempster, Geoffrey Dunn, Michael Haykin, Ronald Heine, Charles Hill, Andrew Jacobs, Peter Martens, Lee Martin McDonald, Eva Mroczek, and Lucas Van Rompay. We are in their debt. We hope we have not overlooked anyone. Furthermore, we would like to thank Brian Arnold, John DelHousaye, and Michael Jackson for reading parts of the manuscript for clarity and for their encouragement during the writing of this book.
For ancient and modern works, we have generally tried to follow the abbreviations suggested in The SBL Handbook of Style, 2d edn (Atlanta, GA: SBL). Any deviations from what is found there should be self-explanatory.
We would like to thank our wives (Jodi and Annie) and children for their support during this project. We recognize the sacrifice on them that a project like this one becomes. We also thank the library staffs at Heritage Christian University and Phoenix Seminary for their tireless service in tracking down the necessary sources in order for us to complete the work.
Edmon L. Gallagher
John D. Meade
Florence, Alabama and Phoenix, Arizona
September 2017
The Bible took shape over the course of centuries, and still today Christian groups disagree over details of its contents. Christians in the Western world will most readily think of the differences between Roman Catholics and Protestants, the former having more books than the latter. Eastern Orthodox groups often have larger Bibles than Roman Catholics. The differences among these groups typically involve the Old Testament; for the most part, they accept the same twenty-seven-book New Testament. But some Christian groups have fewer or more NT books. All of these groups seem to agree that the practice of the early Church is, if not determinative, at least an important consideration in the task of delineating the Christian biblical canon. To contribute to such study, this book aims to present the evidence of the early Christian canon lists in an accessible form for the benefit of students and scholars.
The study of the biblical canon has to do with identifying which books the Bible comprises. This simple description disguises the difficulties of arriving at a more precise definition. Because of our limited focus here on canon lists, we do not need to enter into the scholarly disagreements as to whether canon should refer to the authority of a writing or to a list of scriptural books. We will briefly survey the history of the term canon and indicate how we define a canon list.
The use of the term canon () in reference to a collection of sacred Scripture dates to the fourth century. The term had been used in a variety of ways in early Christianity, as in earlier Hellenistic Greek, generally indicating a standard or a rule. The apostle Paul used the word a few times in this way (2 Cor. 10:1316; Gal. 6:16), and Irenaeus wrote about the canon of faith (Haer. 3.2.2). In the fourth century, Eusebius devised canon tables to aid comparison of parallel passages in the Gospels, and the decrees of ecclesiastical councils also received the label canons. At nearly the same time, Athanasius described the Shepherd of Hermas as outside the canon (Decrees of the Synod of Nicaea 18), using here the word canon for the first time (in our extant sources) in the sense of the canon of sacred Scripture. In his canon list (included in this volume), Athanasius labelled the authoritative books canonized (Ep. fest. 39.16, 20, 21). The Synod of Laodicea likewise spoke of the canonical books ( ) and the non-canonical books ( ). Latin adopted the Greek word, as did other languages, including English.
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