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Brown - From Judgment to Passion: Devotion to Christ and the Virgin Mary, 800-1200

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Brown From Judgment to Passion: Devotion to Christ and the Virgin Mary, 800-1200
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Devotion to the crucified Christ is one of the most familiar, yet most disconcerting artifacts of medieval European civilization. How and why did the images of the dying God-man and his grieving mother achieve such prominence, inspiring unparalleled religious creativity as well such imitative extremes as celibacy and self-flagellation? To answer this question, Rachel Fulton ranges over developments in liturgical performance, private prayer, doctrine, and art. She considers the fear occasioned by the disappointed hopes of medieval Christians convinced that the apocalypse would come soon, the revulsion of medieval Jews at being baptized in the name of God born from a woman, the reform of the Church in light of a new European money economy, the eroticism of the Marian exegesis of the Song of Songs, and much more.
Devotion to the crucified Christ is one of the most familiar yet disconcerting artifacts of medieval European civilization. How and why did the images of the dying God-man and his grieving mother achieve such prominence, inspiring unparalleled religious creativity and emotional artistry even as they fostered such imitative extremes as celibacy, crusade, and self-flagellation?
Magisterial in style and comprehensive in scope,From Judgment to Passionis the first systematic attempt to explain the origins and initial development of European devotion to Christ in his suffering humanity and Mary in her compassionate grief. Rachel Fulton examines liturgical performance, doctrine, private prayer, scriptural exegesis, and art in order to illuminate and explain the powerful desire shared by medieval women and men to identify with the crucified Christ and his mother.
The book begins with the Carolingian campaign to convert the newly conquered pagan Saxons, in particular with the effort to explain for these new converts the mystery of the Eucharist, the miraculous presence of Christs body at the Mass. Moving on to the early eleventh century, when Christs failure to return on the millennium of his Passion (A.D. 1033) necessitated for believers a radical revision of Christian history, Fulton examines the novel liturgies and devotions that arose amid this apocalyptic disappointment. The book turns finally to the twelfth century when, in the wake of the capture of Jerusalem in the First Crusade, there occurred the full flowering of a new, more emotional sensibility of faith, epitomized by the eroticism of the Marian exegesis of the Song of Songs and by the artistic and architectural innovations we have come to think of as quintessentially high medieval.
In addition to its concern with explaining devotional change,From Judgment to Passionpresses a second, crucial question: How is it possible for modern historians to understand not only the social and cultural functions but also the experience of faith--the impulsive engagement with the emotions, sometimes ineffable, of prayer and devotion? The answer, magnificently exemplified throughout this books narrative, lies in imaginative empathy, the same incorporation of self into story that lay at the heart of the medieval effort to identify with Christ and Mary in their love and pain.

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FROM JUDGMENT TO PASSION FROM JUDGMENT TO PASSION Devotion to Christ and - photo 1
FROM JUDGMENT TO PASSION
FROM JUDGMENT TO PASSION Devotion to Christ and the Virgin Mary 8001200 - photo 2
FROM JUDGMENT TO PASSION
Devotion to Christ and the Virgin Mary, 8001200
RACHEL FULTON
Picture 3 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK
Generous financial support toward the publication of this book has been provided by The Valparaiso Project on the Education and Formation of People in Faith, a project of The Lilly Endowment, Inc.
Columbia University Press
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
cup.columbia.edu
Copyright 2002 Columbia University Press
All rights reserved
E-ISBN 978-0-231-50076-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fulton, Rachel.
From judgment to passion : devotion to Christ and the Virgin Mary, 8001200 / Rachel Fulton.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 023112550X (cloth : alk. paper)
ISBN 0231125518 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Jesus ChristCultEurope. 2. Mary, Blessed Virgin, SaintCultEurope. 3. EuropeChurch History6001500. 4. EuropeReligious life and customs. I. Title.
BT590.C85 F85 2002
274'.03dc21 2002025696
A Columbia University Press E-book.
CUP would be pleased to hear about your reading experience with this e-book at .
For Jonathan and Rush
CONTENTS
T he debts of gratitude to both people and institutions that I have accumulated over the years of researching and writing this book are very great, and it is with pleasure that I now have the opportunity to acknowledge at least some of them here.
My warmest thanks go first to my teachers: at Amarillo High School, Michael Mitchusson, Gary Biggers, Charley and Janice Hargrave, who not only inspired in me a love of Latin and history but also on actual and imaginative journeys through Europe first introduced me to those images of Christ and Mary that I have been struggling these many years to understand; at Rice University, Sharon Farmer and Werner Kelber, whose thought-provoking courses on medieval religiosity and the historical Jesus showed me the way to begin; and at Cambridge University, Christopher Brooke, who encouraged me in my first reading of Williams commentary long before it was clear even to me what could be made of it. At Columbia University, Robert Somerville, Malcolm Bean, and Nina Garsoan gave me the tools with which to proceed, and Joan Ferrante and Milton McGatch were careful readers of my dissertation. Special thanks are reserved, however, for one teacher in particular, Caroline Walker Bynum, who was there for me even before I became her graduate student, and has been there for me ever since. It is difficult to express how much her example and guidance have meant to me, although it is enough to say that there have been times that, without it, I am not sure I would have had the courage to go on. My intellectual debts to her will be apparent throughout this book; my spiritual debts to her go even deeper, beyond words.
The writing of this book was generously supported by a fellowship from the American Council of Learned Societies for 19981999. It was begun that same year in the idyllic environs of the National Humanities Center with fellowship support from the Lilly Endowment, and I am deeply grateful to the staff there for their enthusiasm and support. Librarians Alan Tuttle, Eliza Robertson, and Jean Houston supplied me with every book I could possibly need, allowing me precious time to write and even more precious time for conversation. Of the wholly wonderful class of fellows for the year, I am particularly indebted to Malcolm Barber, Nikki Beisel, Bob Bireley, Melissa Bullard, Annemarie Weyl Carr, Jaroslav Folda, William Harris, Bob Kendrick, Tony La Vopa, Jonathan Levin, Alex Owen, Eugene Rogers, Vance Smith, and John Watanabe for much encouragement and advice. I am likewise indebted to Peter Kaufmann and the other members of the Lilly Collegium on Religion and the Humanities for providing a stimulating context in which to debate and create. Dick Pfaff, Catherine Peyroux, and Karen Kletter all in different ways made the year a special one. I am also grateful to Jane Burns for the opportunity to present some of my work to the Medieval Studies Group at the University of North CarolinaChapel Hill.
At the University of Chicago, I thank the librarians and staff of the Joseph Regenstein Library, the J. David Greenstone Memorial Fund of the Social Sciences Division, and my research assistants Robin OSullivan and Kathleen Self for much needed support to bring the book to completion. Bernard McGinn and Julius Kirshner both read the first two chapters at an early stage, and although I am certain that there are still points at which they will disagree with me, it was their advice that helped me see how best to make the argument that I wanted to make. My colleagues in the Department of History have contributed to this book in more ways than I think they may realize; likewise, the graduate students and faculty who have made up the Medieval Studies Workshop these past seven years. I am grateful to them all for their confidence and interest in my work, and for their unflagging example of excellence in their own.
Of the many colleagues, friends, and family members who have helped me in the research and writing of this book in more ways than I can count, both big and small, I would like to thank especially the following: Anna Sapir Abulafia, Michael Allen, Ann Astell, Alison Beach, Anne-Marie Bouch, Diane Brady, Lisa Brawley, Anne Clark, Emma Cownie, Constantin Fasolt, Margot Fassler, Robert Fulton Jr., the late Margaret Gibson, Sean Gilsdorf, Jonathan Hall, Jeffrey Hamburger, Phyllis Jestice, Richard Kieckhefer, Eloe Kingma, Adam Kosto, Ann Kuttner, Mark Miller, Mary Minty, Karl Morrison, Sara Paretsky, Morgan Powell, Anne Walters Robertson, Barbara Rosenwein, Richard Saller, Richard Strier, Denys Turner, Christina Von Nolcken, and Grover Zinn. I am particularly grateful to Vanessa Paumen, Marcus Peter, and Johann Tomaschek for help in acquiring photographs and to Jacques Dalarun for help in tracking down Metz 245. Special thanks are reserved to Karen Duys, Ann Kuzdale, and Lucy Pick, who, as loyal members of CAMS, brought many hours of happy and fruitful conversation to what would have otherwise been an all too lonely endeavor.
I am grateful to my editors at Columbia University Press, Wendy Lochner, Ann Miller, Jennifer Crewe, and Anthony Chiffolo, for taking on such an enormous book with good cheer and great enthusiasm. And I owe many thanks to my readers for the press, E. Ann Matter and Barbara Newman, for the generosity and care with which they refereed my book.
Above all, I am grateful to my family. My parents, Robert Fulton and Nona Snyder Fulton, may not have always understood why I was so interested in the images and texts that I explore here, but they have been unfailing in their confidence that I would discover a way to explain why. My sister Rebecca shared with me that first trip to Europe, and she has been there with me many times since, as has my brother Robert, who together have shared with me in conversation and hope a dream of making, which is the very heart of devotion, and love. Most of all, however, I am grateful to my husband, Jonathan, and to my son, Rush. Their love has sustained me through nights darker than I thought I could bear and has brought me time and again back out into the light. They alone know what it cost to write this book; my debt to them is unpayable, beyond measure.
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