Levi Roach - Forgery and Memory at the End of the First Millennium

1. ix
2. xiii
3. xv
4. xvii
5. xxvii

Maps

1. The bishopric of Worms, c. 970
2. Passau the Bavarian episcopate, c. 970
3. The bishopric of Vercelli and Ivrean march, c. 999

1. Constituent parts of a later tenth-century diploma (D O I 310)
2. Pilgrims preambles and their Carolingian model
3. Opening protocol of the Gregory IV and Gregory V bulls for Fleury
4. Details on abbatial election in the Gregory IV and Gregory V bulls for Fleury

1. The Ottonian (Liudolfing) royal family
2. The West Saxon royal family
3. The West Frankish Carolingians
4. The Robertians and early Capetians
5. Otto I confirms Annos immunity
6. Otto I confirms Richgowo in possession of tolls in Worms
7. Otto II confirms Anno in possession of tolls and fiscal rights in Worms
8. Latter part of the dating clause of Otto IIs confirmation of Annos toll and fiscal rights
9. Otto II settles a dispute over forest rights in the Odenwald in favour of Worms
10. Opening elongatae of Otto IIs Odenwald diploma and those of his earlier Magdeburg charter
11. Diploma of Otto I in favour of Gumbert
12. Otto IIs lost diploma granting Mosbach to Worms (reproduced from a modern photo)
13. The first diploma of Pilgrim of Passau
14. Pilgrims Charlemagne forgery
15. Pilgrims Louis the Pious forgery
16. Pilgrims Louis the Pious forgery and its imitative copy (detail)
17. Passau tting forgery in the name of King Arnulf
18. Pilgrims forged Arnulf immunity
19. Pilgrims completion stroke on Arnulfs monogram vs that of an authentic diploma in his name
20. Closing eschatocol of Otto IIs confirmation of Pilgrims possessions in the Wachau
21. Monograms in Pilgrims Kremsmnster diplomas, as rendered in the Codex Lonsdorfianus
22. The first copy of Pilgrims Niedernburg diploma
23. Otto IIs grant of a residence in Regensburg to Frederick of Salzburg
24. Closing eschatocol of Otto IIs confirmation of Pilgrims immunity
25. The final (authorized) version of Pilgrims Niedernburg diploma
26. Otto IIs grant of Ennsburg to Pilgrim
27. thelred restores liberty to Abingdon
28. Copy of a papal rota in the earlier version of the Abingdon cartulary-chronicle
29. Witness-lists of the Eadwig and Edgar Orthodoxorum charters, as preserved in the earlier version of the Abingdon cartulary-chronicle
30. thelred grants liberty to St Germans
31. Pershore Orthodoxorum charter
32. Other alpha-omega chrismons of the tenth century
33. Eadreds purported confirmation of Downton and Ebbesborne to the Old Minster, Winchester
34. Robert the Piouss diploma restoring Yvre to Fleury
35. Script of Robert the Piouss Yvre diploma
36. Alexander IIs confirmation of Fleurys exemption
37. Earliest copy of Fleurys forged Gregory IV exemption
38. List of emperors in an eleventh-century Fleury manuscript
39. Script of the earliest copy of Fleurys forged Gregory IV exemption
40. Erasure of Arduins name within Warmunds Arduin dossier
41. Autograph (?) cross of Adelheids advocate
42. Example of gaps and insertions in the judicial notice confirming Hugh of Tuscanys grant of Caresana
43. Bishop Peters entries in the Vercelli martyrology-necrology (probable entries highlighted)
44. Count Otto-Williams donation of Orco
45. The dorse (reverse) of Arduin of Ivreas diploma for Tedevert
46. Earliest copy of Charles the Fats notice for Vercelli
47. Early imitative copy of Otto IIIs concession of comital rights to Vercelli
48. Arduin of Ivreas grant of Desana to Cunibert
49. Arduin of Ivreas grant to Alberic of Gassino
50. Bishop Leos excommunication of Count Hubert the Red
51. Twelfth-century copy of Henry IIs two diplomas for Vercelli
52. Leo of Vercellis own working draft of Henry IIs diploma of 1014 1017 (alongside other additions in his hand)

DESPITE ITS POPULAR image, academic study is rarely a solitary pursuit. And if, as the old adage runs, it takes a village to raise a child, then it takes a department to write a monograph. I have certainly been more than fortunate in my department. It was with the advice of colleagues in the Department of History at Exeter that I was able to secure the funding which enabled the research and writing behind this book; and ever since, they have been a constant source of sage counsel and constructive criticism. Particular thanks go to Sarah Hamilton, who read multiple drafts of the original funding application; Simon Barton, who showed an early interest in the project (but sadly did not live to see its completion); and Helen Birkett, who has patiently listened to my (often inchoate) thoughts on memory and ecclesiastical identity in the early and central Middle Ages for over four years now.

The research behind the book was made possible by generous funding from the Arts and Humanities Research Council (project grant: AH/P01495X/1). This not only covered a spell of leave from teaching duties in 201719, but also enabled numerous archival trips. It is a truism that serious work on medieval documentary traditions must be undertaken at the archival coalface, and I am fortunate to have been able to spend so much of the last three years there. I also owe a great debt to those archivists across Europe who have opened their doors to me, in person or electronically. Particular thanks go to Kathrin Kininger, who made the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv in Vienna feel like a home away from home; Timoty Leonardi of the Archivio Capitolare in Vercelli, who eased my entry into the Italian archival scene; Patrizia Carpo of the Archivio Storico (Archivio del Comune) in Vercelli, who let me run riot on her documents, at literally no notice; and Laura Tos of the Archivio Storico Castello di Masino, who went out of her way to have a rare diploma of Arduin photographed on my behalf. At a time when politicians in this country seem determined to burn bridges with our European neighbours, the generosity of these kind souls has been a constant and welcome reminder that a better future is possible.

Thanks also go to the many colleagues who have assisted in the research process, especially whenas was frequently the caseI stepped outside my traditional areas of expertise. Giacomo Vignodelli, Henry Parkes, Thomas Kohl, Ed Roberts, Justin Lake, Geoff Koziol, Sarah Greer, Megan Welton, Jrgen Dendorfer, Christolf Rolker, Bjrn Weiler, Rory Naismith, Ross Balzaretti, Florian Dirks, Dominik Waenhoven, Guy Halsall, Susan Kelly, David Bachrach and Rutger Kramer all shared work-in-progress, thoughts or scans of hard-to-find publications. Simon Keynes, who first introduced me to the arcane world of charter criticism a decade and a half ago, helped secure images for reproduction during the difficult months of COVID-19 lockdown. Nick Vincent, David Bates and Ben Pohl assisted in my forays into French archival history and palaeography. And Bob Berkhofer generously shared his own thoughts on forgery on a number of occasions. I am similarly beholden to Fraser McNair for detailed comments on an early version of . Even greater is my debt to Sarah Hamilton and Ed Roberts (both thanked a second time now), who read through the entire manuscript with great care and attention. Few know their way around the Latin West in the tenth century as well as Sarah and Ed, and the book is much the better for their input. Thanks are also due to Princeton University Presss two readerswho subsequently revealed themselves to be Geoff Koziol and Conrad Leyserwhose perspicacity helped turn a rather rough draft into a much more polished finished product. Finally, many friends and colleagues have provided more informal support, encouragement and discussion along the way (frequently over tea or beer). I should especially like to thank Helen Birkett (again), Danica Summerlin, Johanna Dale and Jennie England.