D. E. Mungello - The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800
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The Great Encounter of China and the West, 15001800
CRITICAL ISSUES IN WORLD AND INTERNATIONAL HISTORY
Series Editor: Morris Rossabi
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by D. E. Mungello
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The Great Encounter of China and the West, 15001800
Fourth Edition
D. E. Mungello
ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC.
Lanham Boulder New York Toronto Plymouth, UK
Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.rowman.com
10 Thornbury Road, Plymouth PL6 7PP, United Kingdom
Copyright 2013 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
Cover image: A scene from the grand imperial garden and residence Yuanming Yuan, near Beijing, featuring the legendary Square Vase Mountain inhabited by Daoist immortals, recreated by the Qianlong emperor. Painted by Tang Dai and Shen Yuan, Forty Views of the Garden of Perfect Clarity (Yuanming Yuan) , 1747. Scene 2, number 9: Fanghu shengjing. Ink and watercolor on silk. Paris: Bibliothque Nationale de France. DeA Picture Library/Art Resource, New York. The painting was part of an album that was stolen and brought to France by Lieutenant-Colonel Dupin when Anglo-French forces destroyed the Yuanming Yuan. Construction of the 775-acre garden began in 1687 and continued until its destruction in 1860. A 65-acre Western-style segment designed by the Jesuit artist Joseph Castiglione was added to the Yuanming Yuan in the mid-eighteenth century (see figure 3.8).
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mungello, D. E. (David Emil), 1943
The great encounter of China and the West, 1500-1800 / D.E. Mungello. 4th ed.
p. cm. (Critical issues in world and international history)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4422-1975-5 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4422-1976-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-1-4422-1977-9 (electronic : alk. paper) 1. ChinaCivilizationWestern influences. 2. EuropeCivilizationChinese influences. 3. East and West. 4. ChinaHistoryMing Dynasty, 1368-1644. 5. ChinaHistoryQing Dynasty, 1644-1912. I. Title.
DS750.72.M86 2013
303.48'251040903dc23
2012030412
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America
Contents
Map 1
Map 2
Preface
As Chinas importance in todays world has grown, the research on China has exploded. Some of it has evoked an enthusiastic popular reception by making dubious, undocumented claims, promoted by profit-seeking publishers, such as that China discovered America before the European discovery voyages. The fourth edition of this work attempts to sift through this new research and incorporate the more substantial parts of it, while maintaining the original framework of a balanced narrative on the historical relationship of China and the West in the years 15001800. The passage of time has allowed for closure on the period 18002000, bringing the contrast between the periods 15001800 and 18002000 into clearer focus. This fourth edition also incorporates the growing body of scholarship produced in China. Chinese historians have resumed their study of China and the West, after a disruption imposed by the political chaos of the mid-twentieth century when a totalitarian government banned the publication of any works that did not follow a rigid leftist interpretation of Sino-Western history.
This book is written for the history student and general reader. Because the aim is to present information and ideas in the most clear and meaningful manner, the scholarly apparatus has been reduced to a minimum. Technical terms are explained in the text. While the technicalities have been reduced to a minimum, the ideas in this book are intended to be substantive and challenging. Although footnotes have been omitted, the sources I consulted are listed at the end of each chapter. Because of an increasing demand, foreign-language works, particularly Chinese works, have been added to the chapter bibliographies.
The most common way of referring to a Chinese emperor since the Ming dynasty (13681644) is by his reign-title ( nienhao ) rather than by his given name. The term Kangxi is a reign-title rather than a name, and this explains why this book refers to the Kangxi Emperor rather than to Emperor Kangxi. For similar reasons, we would refer to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt as the New Deal President rather than President New Deal. Of course, the Kangxi Emperor had a name, several in fact. He was formally named Xuanye, and he is sometimes called by his posthumous temple-name, Emperor Shengzu, but this is a complication that is best avoided in such a short work. The same situation applies to other emperors mentioned in this book, such as the Chongzhen Emperor, the Shunzhi Emperor, and the Qianlong Emperor. The pinyin system of romanization of Chinese characters has been used.
The illustrations are an integral and important part of this book, and I am indebted to several people who assisted in locating, interpreting, and securing the use of these illustrations. These include Dr. Adrian Dudink of the Katholicke Universiteit Leuren, Professor Michele Fatica of the Universit degli Studi di Napoli lOrientale (Naples), Dr. Theodore N. Foss of the Center for East Asian Studies of the University of Chicago, Dr. Maxwell K. Hearn of the Department of Asian Art of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, Dr. Catherine Jami of the Centre National de la Recherch Scientifique in Paris, Professor Harold Kahn of Stanford University, Professor Takata Tokio of the Institute for Research in Humanities at Kyoto, and Dr. R. G. Tiedemann of the Centre for the Study of Christianity in China, Kings College London.
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