Jan Gadeyne - Perspectives on Public Space in Rome, from Antiquity to the Present Day

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PERSPECTIVES ON PUBLIC SPACE IN ROME, FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT DAY

Perspectives on Public Space in Rome, from Antiquity to the Present Day

Edited by

GREGORY SMITH
Cornell University College of Architecture, Art and Planning, Rome Program, Italy

JAN GADEYNE
Cornell University College of Architecture, Art and Planning, Rome Program, Italy

First published 2013 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright Gregory Smith, Jan Gadeyne and the contributors 2013

Gregory Smith and Jan Gadeyne have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Perspectives on Public Space in Rome, from Antiquity to the Present Day.

1. Public spaces Italy Rome History. 2. Public spaces Rome. 3. City planning Italy Rome History. 4. Public spaces Law and legislation Rome. 5. Public spaces Law and Legislation Italy Rome History. I. Smith, Gregory. II. Gadeyne, Jan.
307.12160945632dc23

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Perspectives on public space in Rome, from antiquity to the present day / edited by Gregory Smith and Jan Gadeyne.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Public spaces Italy Rome History. 2. City planning Italy Rome History. 3. Land use, Urban Italy Rome. 4. Rome (Italy) History. I. Smith, Gregory, 195II. Gadeyne, Jan.
HT169.I84R63944 2013
307.12160945632dc23

2012033539

ISBN 9781409463696 (hbk)
ISBN 9781315600215 (ebk-PDF)
ISBN 9781317081692 (ebk-ePUB)

Contents

Ali Madanipour

Gregory Smith and Jan Gadeyne

Manuel Royo

Dallas DeForest

Jan Gadeyne

Lila Yawn

Ioana Jimborean

Paul Anderson

Tamara Smithers

Jasmine R. Cloud

Joanna Norman

Paola Di Cori

Vittorio Vidotto

Gregory Smith

David Mayernik

Marco Cremaschi

List of Illustrations

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Presentation
Crossroads in Space and Time

Ali Madanipour

Cities are concentrations in space and time, many growing historically around the intersection of major roads, facilitating the development of an urban society, with its functional division of labor, communication with a hinterland, and trade with other cities. The important nodes inside cities have grown around these crossroads, where public spaces and major public institutions cluster, where different paths meet and where the multiple dimensions of public life unfold. Before the rise of the modern technologies in transport and communication, these crossroads were the physical and institutional foci of social, economic and political life, receiving much of the attention and investment that a town could make. Rome, the eternal city at the heart of secular and spiritual empires, standing at spatial and temporal crossroads, displays this better than most cities.

After a brief historical visit to the changing faces of Romes public spaces, as places of power and persuasion, as well as trade and consumption, this chapter will focus on the contemporary public spaces in a wider international context and the challenges they face in the future. Public spaces are a primary component of the urban experience, and as cities have become more important as nodes in the network of globalized economies, their public spaces have found increasing significance. This new attention has brought to surface the tensions between different claims to space, where strong exclusionary forces can be identified in the making and managing of public spaces in cities. This chapter explores these pressures within the framework of the changing nature of cities, and its impact on public spaces, arguing for democratic public spaces that are considered as common goods, as accessible places made through inclusive processes.

Places of Power and Persuasion

As Virgil had wished it, Romans were to have no bounds of empire Nor term of years to their immortal line.was to be reflected in their cities and public spaces, as displayed in the Forum and other public spaces, which accumulated buildings and places of significance, as well as memories and mythologies, through a long history.

Similarly, the provincial Roman cities public spaces provided the stages upon which the might of the empire and the religious and secular powers were on display. In the layout of a new Roman town, sacrifice, divination and augury were used first for the selection of the best site. Within the city walls, a grid was established, and sites for public places for temples and forums were determined.

According to Vitruvius, As Vitruvius puts it,

shrines of Venus, Vulcan, and Mars should be located outside the walls so that venerated lust will not become a commonplace for the citys adolescents and matriarchs. By summoning Volcanic energy out of the city by means of rites and sacrifices, the citys buildings are thought to have been delivered from the danger of fire. And if the divinity of Mars is honored outside the city walls, there will not be armed conflict among citizens, rather, he will ensure that the walls serve only to defend the city from its enemies and the danger of war.

The forums dimensions depended on the size of the citys population, as its area should neither be too cramped for efficiency nor so large that for lack of population it looks deserted.

The interplay of power and persuasion once again shaped the spaces of the city in new ways, as Rome was revitalized at the end of the medieval period on the basis of promoting pilgrimage. From 1300 onwards, jubilees were held in Rome; these were a time of pilgrimage and a source of income, with which vital repairs to the city were made. Pope Nicholas V (144755) saw the rebuilding of the city as an instrument of establishing Rome as the undisputed capital of faith for Christians. He wrote,

Figure 0.1 The Roman Forum: A crossroads in space and time

With the turn of the fifteenth to the sixteenth century, the centre of innovation moved from Florence to Rome, with Early Renaissance transition to High Renaissance, and Mannerism. Old and new streets were integrated into a network which connected the seven pilgrimage churches of Rome, easing the navigation in the city for pilgrims. The streets were given gentle inclines by flattening hills and filling valleys; their straight lines provided open vistas, which were enhanced by placing obelisks at the main intersections and other important points.

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