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Alan F. Segal - Life After Death: A History of the Afterlife in Western Religion

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A magisterial work of social history, Life After Death illuminates the many different ways ancient civilizations grappled with the question of what exactly happens to us after we die.In a masterful exploration of how Western civilizations have defined the afterlife, Alan F. Segal weaves together biblical and literary scholarship, sociology, history, and philosophy. A renowned scholar, Segal examines the maps of the afterlife found in Western religious texts and reveals not only what various cultures believed but how their notions reflected their societies realities and ideals, and why those beliefs changed over time. He maintains that the afterlife is the mirror in which a society arranges its concept of the self. The composition process for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam begins in grief and ends in the victory of the self over death.Arguing that in every religious tradition the afterlife represents the ultimate reward for the good, Segal combines historical and anthropological data with insights gleaned from religious and philosophical writings to explain the following mysteries: why the Egyptians insisted on an afterlife in heaven, while the body was embalmed in a tomb on earth; why the Babylonians viewed the dead as living in underground prisons; why the Hebrews remained silent about life after death during the period of the First Temple, yet embraced it in the Second Temple period (534 B.C.E. 70 C.E.); and why Christianity placed the afterlife in the center of its belief system. He discusses the inner dialogues and arguments within Judaism and Christianity, showing the underlying dynamic behind them, as well as the ideas that mark the differences between the two religions. In a thoughtful examination of the influence of biblical views of heaven and martyrdom on Islamic beliefs, he offers a fascinating perspective on the current troubling rise of Islamic fundamentalism.In tracing the organic, historical relationships between sacred texts and communities of belief and comparing the visions of life after death that have emerged throughout history, Segal sheds a bright, revealing light on the intimate connections between notions of the afterlife, the societies that produced them, and the individuals search for the ultimate meaning of life on earth.

Alan F. Segal: author's other books


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Dedicated to JULIA CHING NILS A DAHL RENE GEEN HARVEY GOLDEY DONALD JUEL - photo 1
Dedicated to JULIA CHING NILS A DAHL RENE GEEN HARVEY GOLDEY DONALD JUEL - photo 2
Dedicated to

JULIA CHING, NILS A. DAHL, RENE GEEN,
HARVEY GOLDEY, DONALD JUEL, MORTON KLASS,
WILLARD G. OXTOBY, BENNETT P. SEGAL

from whom I learned wisdom about life

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In ten years of living with this project, I sought help from many persons, first in writing the constantly expanding scope of the work, then in condensing the material to a more readable text. I want to thank Jim Charlesworth, who suggested I work on this project, and Andrew Corbin for his advice on how to defeat my own obsessiveness and compulsivity to finish the book-he was an invaluable aid at every stage of the books creation.

I especially want to cite Will Oxtoby, who offered his critique at several important junctures and his practiced eye as an editor. My graduate students helped by reading and commenting on the text, especially in the early phases. In particular, I would like to thank Adam Gregerman, who served as a research assistant and helped me edit the first draft. Asha Moorthy, Lillian Larsen, Nick Witkowski, Jason Yorgason, and Delman Coates were very helpful in reading through the early drafts of the manuscript and helping me see some of the issues more clearly. Innumerable undergraduate students helped me with various aspects of the study, and they are thanked in the appropriate place. I would like to thank Darcy Hirsh especially; she served as research assistant and helped me focus my discussion on gender issues.

When this project was done, it was hard to impose on a friend so much to read this huge manuscript. But John Gottsch, Andr Unger Carol Zaleski, and David Ulansey each offered to help in extraordinary ways by reading the whole thing through and offering their expert opinions on the subject and flow of the argument. Larry Hurtado read through several New Testament chapters and offered expert opinion, as well as his critique. Ben Sommers did the same with the Hebrew Bible chapters and suggested areas where my graduate studies in Ancient Near Eastern Studies needed to be renovated. Although none took my point of view on the manuscript, they helped me make my arguments more cogent, and I am grateful to all of them. I would especially like to thank David N. Freed-man who read the manuscript very carefully and offered extensive suggestions.

Over the last dozen years I have received several grants that allowed me to spend time on this manuscript. I would especially like to thank Barnard College, which supported my research in countless ways over the last decade, and to my students there-both from Columbia and Barnard-who asked fundamental questions and so helped develop the book. Teaching graduate courses at Columbia University and participation in the graduate program allowed me to concentrate on the scholarly aspects of the book. The Annenberg Institute for Advanced Jewish Studies provided a semester of support and a group of concerned scholars with whom to consult. Williams College appointed me a Croghan Scholar that allowed me to try out my ideas in the wider community through lectures and discussions. I would also like to thank the Mellon Foundation for a semester grant to pursue Islam and diaspora religion and the ACIS and NITLE for providing a summer seminar with extraordinarily interesting colleagues for the development of a Web site on Islam. This helped me resurrect my earlier studies in Arabic and Islam and reach a new level of comfort in dealing with Muslim texts and concepts.

I would like to acknowledge work published elsewhere in different form: Text Translation as a Prelude for Soul Translation in Translation and Anthropology (Ed. Paula G. Rubel and Abraham Rosman, New York: Berg, 2003), Jesus at 2000, and some parts of Paul the Convert.

A. F. SEGAL
New York, 2003

ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations in the notes and parenthetically in the text for the books of the Bible; Old and New Testament Apocrypha; Old and New Testament Pseudepigrapha; Dead Sea Scrolls and other texts from the Judean Desert; versions of the Taludic tractates; Targumic texts and other Rabbinic works; and Ancient and Classical Christian writings are those given in the SBL Handbook of Style (Ed. Alexander, Kutsko, Ernest, and Decker-Lucke, Hendrickson, 1999). Abbreviations for secondary sources are listed below.

ABAnchor Bible
AGJUArbeiten zur Geschichte des antiken Judenthums und des Urchristentums
ANETAncient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Ed. J. B. Pritchard. 3d ed. Princeton, 1969.
ANRWAufstieg und Niedergang der rmischen Welt: Geschichte und Kultur Roms im Spiegel der neueren Forschung. 1972-.
BJSBrown Judaic Studies
CAHCambridge Ancient History
CANECivilizations of the Ancient Near East. Ed. J. Sasson. 4 vols. New York, 1995.
CBQCatholic Biblical Quarterly
DJDDiscoveries in the Judaean Desert
EncJudEncyclopedia Judaic. 16 vols. Jerusalem, 1972.
EPROEtudes preliminaries aux religions orientales dans lempire romain
ERThe Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. M. Eliade. 16 vols. New York.
HRHistory of Religions
HTRHarvard Theological Review
HUCAHebrew Union College Annual
IDEThe Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible. Ed. G. A. Buttrick. 4 vols. Nashville, 1962.
JAOSJournal of American Oriental Studies
JBLJournal of Biblical Literature
JEThe Jewish Encyclopedia. Ed. I. Singer. 12 vols. New York,1925.
JJSJournal of Jewish Studies
JQRJewish Quarterly Review
JSJJournal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Periods
JSNTJournal for the Study of the New Testament
JSOTJournal for the Study of the Old Testament
JSPSupJournal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha, Supplement Series
JSSJournal of Semitic Studies
JTSJournal of Theological Studies
KTUDie keilalphabetischen Texten aus Ugarit. Ed. M. Dietrich, O. Loretz, and J. Sanmartin. AOAT 24:1. Neukirchen-Vluyn, 1976.
NHLNag Hammadi Library in English. Ed. J. M. Robinson. 4th rev. ed. Leiden, 1996.
NovTNovum Testamentum
NRSVNew Revised Standard Version
NTSNew Testament Studies
PGMPapyri graecae magicae: Die griechischen Zauberpapyri. Ed. K. Priesendanz. Berlin, 1928.
RBRevue Biblique
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