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Neil Carter - Cycling and the British: A Modern History

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Cycling is currently enjoying a boom in popularity. What are the reasons behind this phenomenon? How have perceptions and the popularity of cycling shifted?
This book charts the historical development of cycling both as a leisure and sporting activity since the 19th century and explores the wider political and cultural context in which cycling in Britain emerged. In particular, it examines cyclings relationship with environmental politics and its place in popular culture. Neil Carter successfully traverses several historical sub-disciplines, including the history of transport, leisure, sport, medicine and politics, employing the analytical tools of class, gender, political culture, the role of the state and commercialism to demonstrate how British identity has shaped and been shaped by cycling.
At a time when it has become part of debates over transport and health, Cycling and the British: A Modern History provides a timely and clear analysis of the changes and continuities in attitudes towards cycling.

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Cycling and the BritishCycling and the British A Modern History NEIL CARTER - photo 1
Cycling and the British
Cycling and the British
A Modern History
NEIL CARTER
Contents Many people have helped in the writing and research of this book I am - photo 2
Contents
Many people have helped in the writing and research of this book. I am grateful to all those at Bloomsbury Academic for their patience and understanding, especially Emily Drewe, Joseph Gautham, Abigail Lane and Dan Hutchins.
I am particularly grateful to Richard Holt who read numerous drafts and provided reassuring support at important times during the whole process. For other drafts, Dil Porter made typically sensible and astute suggestions.
My colleagues in the International Centre for Sports History and Culture Martin Polley, Matt Taylor, Heather Dichter, James Panter and Rob Colls were generous with their time and advice, while I am also grateful for the support I received from colleagues in the History Department at DMU.
Many, many thanks also to the staff at the Modern Records Centre at the University of Warwick who not only provided expert advice on its cycling archive but were also good humoured and friendly while putting up with my numerous requests and questions.
Finally, I am grateful to everyone who has been keen to share with me their stories on and insights into cycling a number of which have been included in the book. This as much as anything has highlighted how universal cycling has been throughout the period studied.
AAA
Amateur Athletic Association
AAC
Amateur Athletic Club
BAR
Best All-Rounder
BBC
British Broadcasting Corporation
BC
bicycle club
BCF
British Cycling Federation
BLRC
British League of Racing Cyclists
BMA
British Medical Association
BMX
Bicycle Motocross
BU
Bicycle Union
CC
cycling club
CM
Critical Mass
CTC
Cyclists Touring Club
FIFA
Fdration Internationale de Football Association
HPV
human powered vehicle
ICA
International Cycling Association
IMG
International Management Group
MoT
Ministry of Transport
MSR
massed-start racing
MTB
mountain bike
NCPS
National Cycling Proficiency Scheme
NCU
National Cyclists Union
NFC
National Fitness Council
NGO
non-governmental organisation
PED
performance enhancing drugs
RoSPA
Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents
RRA
Road Records Association
RRC
Road Racing Council
RTTC
Road Time Trials Association
TfL
Transport for London
TT
time-trial
UCI
Union Cycliste Internationale
WRRA
Womens Road Records Association
Since the late nineteenth century, cyclings presence in British society has been remarkably persistent. It has been a presence though that has flickered, sometimes brightly, sometimes dimly. In recent years, interest in cycling has grown exponentially, although the extent of its popularity and its impact has been contested. Its level of public awareness arguably reached a peak on 22 July 2012 when the final stage of the Tour de France took place on the Champs-lyses in Paris. In a scene that the writer William Fotheringham called a surreal sight, the wearer of the yellow jersey, Bradley Wiggins, soon to be the first British winner of the race, led out Mark Cavendish, wearing the rainbow jersey as the world champion, for the final sprint, which he won. These landmark successes were quickly followed with a glut of cycling gold medals at the London Olympics. At the same time, cyclings place on the political agenda had never been higher due to a combination of a growing awareness of environmental issues and increasing concerns over well-being.
These twenty-first-century images offered a contrast with past ones of the bicycle and its place in popular culture. In December 1963, for example, Coronation Street , still Britains longest-running television show, was first aired on ITV. One of the opening scenes is set at the Barlows dinner table where the younger son, David, arrives home late from work because his bicycle had had a puncture. Later, his father is seen helping him to fix it in the backroom. While broadcast at the onset of the age of the motor car, Coronation Street owed more to the 1930s than to the 1960s, and as such there was more than a whiff of nostalgia about the scene, as with the programme in general. The 1930s had been a time when the bicycle was an elemental part of working-class culture. Not only was it a form of transport, but it was also used for leisure and pleasure as people, with a group of friends, with partners or just riding for their own enjoyment, could escape into the countryside on their bicycles and tandems to imbibe its fresh air and scenery.
Fast-forward over 30 years and in the video for Pulps 1995 Britpop anthem Common People there are brief shots of a Raleigh Chopper being ridden in a street. Again, with its association with the 1970s, the Chopper represents a nostalgic nod to the bands frontman Jarvis Cockers childhood. The early 1970s, however, had represented a shift in the status of the bicycle. The dominance of the motor car in terms of its economic and cultural appeal forced major changes on the cycling industry, changing the very idea of the bicycle itself. Whereas once it was regarded as a vehicle that adults rode, and this had been reflected in its design, now bicycles had an urban edge and increasingly appealed to children. The Choppers unique design was driven by changing consumerist tastes. It was conceived to be edgy and niche, reflecting other aspects of popular culture, in this case the motorbikes from the 1969 film Easy Rider . Not only does the appearance of a bicycle in these settings reveal its versatility, diversity and ubiquity since the nineteenth century, but these brief, almost subliminal appearances also highlight how it has been on the margins of British society rather than at its centre.
Cycling since the late nineteenth century has meant different things to different people at different times. This book aims to not only capture these changing meanings but also understand why people rode bicycles and also why they did not as well as which people rode them, in addition to analysing how different forms of cycling, whether as sport, as leisure or as a form of transport, developed. Politics and pleasure, therefore, form the centre of this book.
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