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Seizo Sekine - Philosophical Interpretations of the Old Testament

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Seizo Sekine Philosophical Interpretations of the Old Testament
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Philosophical Interpretations of the Old Testament: summary, description and annotation

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This monograph challenges the extremes of faith-based theological approaches and value-free historical-critical methods by pursuing the middle path of philosophical hermeneutics. Drawing on Eastern and Western philosophy, the author proposes original interpretive solutions to the Akedah, Jeremiah and other biblical texts. Readers will also gain fresh insights into problems of monotheism, religious faith and identity, suffering and modern ethics.

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Table of Contents Chapter 1 Philosophical - photo 1
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Chapter 1
Philosophical Interpretations of the Sacrifice of Isaac: Inquiring into the True Significance of the Akedah
Introduction

Following convention, I shall refer to this account as the Akedah (the Hebrew for binding). When reading this story, I often recall the print of Rembrandts Sacrifice of Isaac that my late father, Masao, who devoted his life to Old Testament studies and Christian evangelism, hung in his study. Though it was an eerie painting to me as a child, as I grew and came to understand its meaning, I could not accept that I might have been killed for the sake of my fathers faith. I eventually left home to pursue Old Testament studies in Munich. Whenever I viewed the original of this painting during visits to the Alte Pinakothek, which was diagonally across from my dormitory, I was left dissatisfied. People should view it from Isaacs perspective, I thought. Looking back, however, I realize that since I am my fathers third-born son there would in fact have been no obligation or right for me to have been offered up in the firstborn sacrifice. My father might have hung this painting as a memorial to his firstborn son, whom he lost shortly after birth in the midst of hardships while dedicating himself to evangelism. I did not have the opportunity to confirm this while my father was alive, but that is what I now think. Whatever the case, the story of this father who almost committed filicide is, for a son, terrifying.

Yet it seems that there is a general abundance of interpretations lavishly praising Abraham, who was on the verge of killing his son, without considering Isaacs plight. The prime example is Sren Kierkegaards Fear and Trembling. I would like to begin my interpretation of this baffling text, which is so tied up with my own personal memories, by considering whether his interpretation hits upon the nub of the text.

1 An Evaluation of Kierkegaards Interpretation
1.1 Kierkegaards Interpretation

Kierkegaard praises Abraham as a knight of faith in that even after he sacrificed his own will he held on to it firmly, he was a man who hoped for the impossible, and he was a man who believed That is, from the standpoint of a higher religious objective, there are situations in which the ethical temporarily ceases to apply, such as when the ethically reprehensible act of killing a child becomes, under exceptional circumstances, religiously acceptable as a sacrificing of that child to Godthat is Abrahams paradox of faith. (2) Kierkegaard expresses this as an absolute duty to God and says that in this tie of obligation the individual relates himself absolutely, as the single individual, to the absolute and relinquishes the universal. Rather, it is silence and secrecy that make a man truly great, and Abraham must be praised because he lived out this kind of faith that is the ultimate passion in man.

The above is a bare-bones view of the portrayal of Abraham in Fear and Trembling.

1.2 Westermanns Critique

Kierkegaard was unaware of the problem of source layers, and so of course he could not even imagine literary-critical and redaction-critical problems arising from secondary additions and the like. Based among other reasons on the view that verses 15 18, which praise Abraham, are an addition from a later period, Westermann argues, however, as follows:

It is a misunderstanding of the narrative to hear it as the song of praise of a person It seems to me that when one refers the praise to Abraham (Kierkegaard), one has not understood the narrative The narrative looks not to the praise of a creature, but to the praise of God [who saw the suffering].

If we restrict ourselves to the original text, problems such as this arise in Kierkegaards interpretation. Yet is Westermanns alternative conclusion satisfactory? Is praise of God the aim of this text?

1.3 Questions for Westermann

this is tantamount to Abraham seeing through this test by God from the outset. Although Westermann calls God the God who saw the suffering, this is only natural because it was God himself who gave the suffering in the first place, so it is not clear why he merits praise for taking away the suffering at the appropriate moment.

From this perspective, it seems there is no need to agree with Westermanns conclusion. Instead, we must confront the text with our candid questions on its portrayal of God and then listen to the texts response. If, then, we wish to understand the history of interpretation on this issue, above and beyond theological works that presuppose Christian faith (including those of historical-critical Old Testament scholars), we can find sustained interest in these questions in statements by philosophers who do not presuppose faith. That is why examining philosophical interpretations of the

2 Interpretations by Kant, Buber, Levinas, Derrida, and Miyamoto, and a Critical Summary
2.1 Kants Interpretation

In his 1798 Der Streit der Fakultten (The Contest of the Faculties), Immanuel Kant refers to the Akedah and declares it impossible that a god who makes a demand such as this, which violates moral law, could be the true God. Kant makes the interesting statement that Abraham should have replied as follows:

The fact that I should not kill my good son is absolutely certain. But that you who appear to me are God, I am not certain and can never become certain.

Though perhaps obvious when viewed in the light of Kants categorical imperative, surely the first half of the reply that Kant desires of Abraham was not absolutely certain within the ancient religio-cultural context that governed the authors composition of this narrative. It is likely that through influences from the Moloch cult the tradition of firstborn sacrifice also existed in Israel (Exod 22:28 is from the JE source, the traditional core of which is thought to date back to the thirteenth to twelfth centuries BCE) and that the understanding that God requires ethical practice and religious faith rather than this sort of cultic sacrifice was not expressed until the latter half of the eighth century BCE, through the prophet

But what about Kants latter point? This cannot necessarily be dismissed as nothing more than a foreign, philosophical understanding of the transcendent that ignores the Bibles tradition history. If we resituate this problem in the biblical context, it accords with the following suggestion by Martin Buber.

2.2 Bubers Interpretation

Martin Buber does not cite Kant, but he criticizes Kierkegaard as follows:

He does not take into consideration the fact that the problematics of the decision of faith is preceded by the problematics of the hearing itself. Who is it whose voice one hears? For Kierkegaard it is self-evident because of the Christian tradition in which he grew up that he who demands the sacrifice is none other than God. But for the Bible, at least for the Old Testament, it is not without further question self-evident. Indeed a certain instigation to a forbidden action is even ascribed in one place to God (2 Samuel 24:1) and in another to Satan (1 Chronicles 21:1).

2.3 Levinass Interpretation

About a decade after Buber, in the mid-1960s, Emmanuel Levinas presented his critique of Kierkegaard on the same theme in two essays. Here is the crux of his critique from the second essay:

Ethics as consciousness of a responsibility [responsabilit] toward others far from losing you in generality, singularizes you, poses you as a unique individual, as I. Kierkegaard seems not to have experienced that, since he wants to transcend the ethical stage, which to him is the stage of generality. In his evocation of Abraham, he describes the encounter with God at the point where subjectivity rises to the level of the religious, that is to say, above ethics.

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