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In Defiance of History: Orosius and the Unimproved Past
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Victoria Leonard
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Routledge
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2022
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This volume offers a counterbalance to the dismissal that Orosiuss Histories Against the Pagans has suffered in most recent criticism. Orosius is traditionally considered to be a mediocre scholar and an essentially worthless historian. This book takes his literary endeavour seriously, recognizing the unique contribution the Histories made at a crucial moment of debate and uncertainty, where the present was shaped by restructuring the past. The significance of the Histories is recognised intrinsically rather than only in comparison with other texts and authors, principally Augustine of Hippo, Orosiuss mentor. The approach of the book is historiographical, exploring the form, purpose, and meaning of the Histories. The themes of divine providence, monotheism, and imperial authority are examined, and the subjects of war and the sack of Rome receive extended analysis. The book foregrounds Orosiuss significant historiographical innovations that are seldom explored, such as the subversion of imperial history within a Christian spectrum in the synchronization of the emperor Augustus and Christ. Each chapter contributes to the progression of knowledge about Orosiuss Histories and the wider literary and historiographical culture of disruption that characterised the late fourth and early fifth centuries CE.

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In Defiance of History

This volume offers a counterbalance to the dismissal that Orosiuss Histories Against the Pagans has suffered in most recent criticism. Orosius is traditionally considered to be a mediocre scholar and an essentially worthless historian. This book takes his literary endeavour seriously, recognizing the unique contribution the Histories made at a crucial moment of debate and uncertainty, where the present was shaped by restructuring the past. The significance of the Histories is recognized intrinsically rather than only in comparison with other texts and authors, principally Augustine of Hippo, Orosius's mentor. The approach of the book is historiographical, exploring the form, purpose, and meaning of the Histories. The themes of divine providence, monotheism, and imperial authority are examined, and the subjects of war and the sack of Rome receive extended analysis. The book foregrounds Orosiuss significant historiographical innovations that are seldom explored, such as the subversion of imperial history within a Christian spectrum in the synchronization of the emperor Augustus and Christ. Each chapter contributes to the progression of knowledge about Orosiuss Histories and the wider literary and historiographical culture of disruption that characterised the late fourth and early fifth centuries CE.

Victoria Leonard is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Arts, Memory and Communities at Coventry University, and at the Institute of Classical Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London. Her research focuses on the late antique and early medieval western Mediterranean. She has published on religious conflict, gender and violence, and ancient historiography. Most recently, she co-edited the volume Bodily Fluids in Antiquity with Mark Bradley and Laurence Totelin, which was published by Routledge in 2021.

First published 2022

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2022 Victoria Leonard

The right of Victoria Leonard to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Leonard, Victoria, author.

Title: In defiance of history : Orosius and the unimproved past / Victoria Leonard.

Description: London ; New York, NY : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2021046961 | ISBN 9781472474681 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032199818 (paperback) | ISBN 9781315599120 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Orosius, Paulus. Historiarum adversus paganos libri VII. | Rhetoric, Ancient. | RomeHistoriography. | RomeReligion.

Classification: LCC DG205 .L46 2022 | DDC 937.0072dc23/eng/20211023

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021046961

ISBN: 978-1-4724-7468-1 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-19981-8 (pbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-59912-0 (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781315599120

Typeset in Times New Roman

by codeMantra

This book is dedicated to Alice, my favourite colleague, and to Llewellyn, my seren loyw.

And to Mrs Jones, who said I couldnt. But I did.

Acknowledgements

This book had a long gestation period, and accrued vast debts of gratitude along the way. Many people and institutions provided material, intellectual, and emotional support over the years. I owe Katherine Harloe and Liz Gloyn more than I can express. Blossom Stefaniw, Jenny Barry, and Sarah Bond were pole stars. Greg Woolf, Kate Cooper, Laurence Totelin, and Julia Hillner saw something and made critical investments.

The doctoral thesis from which this book emerged was completed at the Centre for Late Antique Religion and Culture at Cardiff University, and was generously supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council. Mark Humphries, Shaun Tougher, Nic Baker-Brian, and Josef Lssl expertly examined and supervised the thesis. So many people generously read parts of the manuscript at various stages, provided academic therapy and advice, sent research materials, or pushed me forward, including: Richard Flower, Emma Bridges, Benjamin Garstad, Graeme Ward, Mathura Umachandran, Philip Rousseau, Amal Shehata, Becca Grose, Averil Cameron, Naomi Appleton, David Natal, Sukanya Raisharma, Richard, Johannes Preiser-Kapeller, Ulriika Vihervalli, Jamie Wood, Fabian Schultz, Helen Lovatt, Adrastos Omissi, Alice, Conrad Leyser, Rachel Minto, Michael Williams, my parents, Elisa Manso and Cameron Wachowich. I thank my readers for their care and consideration, and absolve them from any blame for the faults that remain, which I claim. Too many audiences to recall here have engaged with this research at various stages, but most recently thanks to the Late Roman Seminar at Oxford University for their insightful feedback.

Thanks especially to Louise Moody, Juliet Simpson, and Judith Mossman, and all of my wonderful colleagues in the Centre for Arts, Memory, and Communities, Coventry University, and to the Institute of Classical Studies, University of London for their support. The International Orosian Network has provided much inspiration and distraction; I hope this warm and genial community enjoys many more years. Jane Burkowskis acute eye was invaluable in the final stages, and I could not have wished for a more patient and encouraging editor than Michael Greenwood at Routledge. Thanks to Brepols for their permission to reuse a previously published section, and to the Dean and Chapter of Hereford Cathedral for permission to include an image of the Hereford Mappa Mundi. Lastly, I must recognize my indebtedness to the published work of Marie-Pierre Arnaud-Lindet. Without her three-volume critical edition of the Historiae, this book would not have been written.

Note on texts and translations

References where no author is specified are to Orosiuss Historiae adversus paganos, edited by Marie-Pierre Arnaud-Lindet, Orose: Histoires contre les paens, 3 vols (Paris: Bud, 1990). Book, chapter, volume, and page numbers accompanying Latin quotations or paraphrased passages are to this edition. Translations from the Historiae are from Roy J. Deferraris English translation published in 1964, with my modifications. Book, chapter, and page numbers accompanying English quotations are to this edition.

Figures

I.1 The inscription from the Hereford mappa mundi, which dates to the thirteenth century. The map is inscribed on the lower right corner, just above the figure on horseback: Descripcio orosii de ornesta mundi sicut interius ostenditur (Orosiuss account, De ornesta mundi, as shown within)

Foreword Past, present, and future in Orosius and late antique historiography

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