Cordelia Heß - The Medieval Archive of Antisemitism in Nineteenth-Century Sweden

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Cordelia He

The Medieval Archive of Antisemitism in Nineteenth-Century Sweden

Religious Minorities in the North

History, Politics, and Culture

Edited by

Jonathan Adams

Cordelia He

Christhard Hoffmann

Volume

Cordelia He

The Medieval Archive of Antisemitism in Nineteenth-Century Sweden

ISBN 9783110673432

e-ISBN (PDF) 9783110757408

e-ISBN (EPUB) 9783110757439

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

2022 Cordelia He, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston // The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

bersicht

Contents

1. List of illustrations
2. Acknowledgements
3. Introduction: The nineteenth century in a nutshell
4. Religion and Race: The Medieval Archive of Antisemitism
   1. The archive of antisemitism and the Swedish debate about Emancipation
   2. Medieval antisemitism and supersessionism
   3. Religious homogeneity and Swedish Frhantisemitismus
   4. The Swedish debate in an international context
   5. Anti-Jewish print production in Sweden: The scope of the present study
   6. Statistics
5. Being cursed: Medieval model texts
   1. Rootlessness and Jewish physiognomy: The Ahasver compilation
      1. The Ahasver legend
      2. Om the straff hwart slkte ibland judarne lida mste (On the punishment which each tribe of the Jews must suffer)
      3. Om Pilati ndalycht och orolige dda kropp
   2. The eternal traitor: Judas legends
   3. Ahasver, Pilate, and Judas: medieval models for a non-existent minority
6. Chosenness: supersessionism and racist anti-Judaism
   1. Lutheran miracles: Swedish conversion narratives
   2. Supersessionism and proto-racism
      1. From Meiners to Nordmann: foreign antisemitism translated
      2. Conspiracy theories
      3. Judaism as the basis of the Jewish race
7. Money: Jewish business activities
   1. The pre-history of 1815s economic arguments
   2. Emancipation aborted: Canaan in Sweden
   3. Court records
   4. The academic discourse
   5. Old theme, old arguments
8. Bodies and gender: entertaining literature
   1. A popular topic
   2. Anti-Jewish medievalism
   3. The collective Jew receives a gender
   4. Pro-Jewish contributions
9. The persistence of medieval stereotypes
   1. Catholic anti-Judaism in Lutheran Sweden
   2. Creating a problem
   3. An unchangeable collectivity
10. Conclusion: The archives medieval backbone
11. Appendix
    1. Debates about Jews at National Diets 18001900
    2. Printed matter with Jewish and anti-Jewish topics in Sweden, 18001900
12. Bibliography
    1. Printed Sources
    2. Literature
13. Index of names
14. Index of places

List of illustrations

Fig. 1:

Swedish printed matter produced per year, 18001900.

Fig. 2:

Printed matter produced per year, including and excluding offentliga tryck, 18001829.

Fig. 3:

Title page Trenne trowrdighe relationer (17??).

Fig. 4:

Title page Legenden om frrdaren Judas (1896).

Fig. 5:

Title page Den bortrfvade judeflickan (1892).

Fig. 6:

Title page Omskrelsen eller den stundande tiden (1838).

Fig. 7:

Illustration from Judarne i all sin glans och hrlighet (1830).

Fig. 8:

Title pages Om en jude och skomakare af Jerusalem (Stockholm 1829, Jnkping 1847, Linkping 1855, Stockholm 1891).

Acknowledgements

This book is a result of the project The Archives of Antisemitism in Scandinavia: Knowledge Production and Stereotyping in a Long-term Historical Perspective, generously funded by the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrdet) at the University of Gothenburg. I would like to thank Vetenskapsrdet, Gteborgs universitet, and the University of Greifswald for having made it possible for us to bring this project to a successful conclusion by allowing my affiliation with the history departments at both universities.

The funding allowed my project partner Jonathan Adams (Gothenburg/Copenhagen) and me to consolidate the networks and cooperation we have been fostering for research about antisemitism in Scandinavia in a historical perspective. One important part of this consolidation has been establishing the book series Religious minorities in the North, edited by Jonathan Adams, Christhard Hoffman, and me, for which we are grateful to the De Gruyter publishing house and their friendly and skilful staff. For the work on this volume, I would like to thank Robert Forke in particular.

I have received a lot of help, comments, and constructive criticism on this project, for which I would like to thank Christhard Hoffmann (Bergen/Oslo), Ulrich Wyrwa (Berlin), and Jonathan Adams. Jonas Nordin (Lund) has also been very helpful, as has the staff of Kungliga biblioteket/The Royal Library in Stockholm particularly during the pandemic, their help with finding older prints and making them digitally available has been crucial. I have also had help with various aspects of the work from a number of student assistants. In particular, I would like to mention Paul Kirschstein, Josefine Guderian, and Erik Wolf. I would also like to thank Karl Levesque (Montreal) for copyediting this book at different stages.

Greifswald, August 2021

Introduction: The nineteenth century in a nutshell

The Wandering Jew made his way to Sweden long before any actual Jewish immigrants were allowed to settle in the country. And he was very popular: between 1800 and 1900 alone, 26 editions of the medieval legend of Ahasver were printed in publishing houses all over the country, most often accompanied by two other anti-Jewish texts of medieval origin. The Legend of Judas the Traitor (Legenden om frrdaren Judas) was another very popular text; with 15 editions during the nineteenth century, the legend closely following the version from Jacobus de Voragines Legenda aurea and its thirteenth-century East Norse translation Fornsvenska legendariet.

Medieval anti-Jewish texts not only remained intelligible, they were also widely used and read in the period when Emancipation was being fiercely debated and repeatedly rejected. They conveyed religious motifs of Jew-hatred such as deicide, punitive supersessionism (the idea that Jewish diaspora was a punishment for the deicide), bloodthirstiness, and bad character, but they also conveyed essentialist and racist ideas, such as there being a specific, repulsive Jewish physiognomy and Jews being an eternal, unchangeable collectivity. In addition to the contemporary ideas about Jews and Judaism that were developed and discussed in relation to the status of the Jewish minority in the country, these medieval motifs were and remained part of the collective knowledge about Jews as an imagined collectivity. What does this mean for the development of modern antisemitism in Sweden? Why were these medieval texts so popular?

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