Sir Frederic Charles BARTLETT - The Study of Society. Methods and Problems. Edited by F.C. Bartlett, M. Ginsberg, E.J. Lindgren and R.H. Thouless

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
SOCIAL THEORY

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Volume 82

THE STUDY OF SOCIETY

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THE STUDY OF SOCIETY

Methods and Problems

Edited by
F. C. BARTLETT, M. GINSBERG, E. J. LINDGREN,
AND R. H. THOULESS

First published in 1939

This edition first published in 2015
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1939 Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-415-72731-0 (Set)
eISBN: 978-1-315-76997-4 (Set)
ISBN: 978-1-138-78605-9 (Volume 82)
eISBN: 978-1-315-76321-7 (Volume 82)

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

THE
STUDY OF SOCIETY

METHODS AND PROBLEMS

Edited by
F. C. BARTLETT, M. GINSBERG, E. J. LINDGREN,
and R. H. THOULESS

LONDON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., LTD.
BROADWAY HOUSE: 6874 CARTER LANE, E.C.

First published 1939

Reprinted 1944

Reprinted 1946.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY
LUND HUMPHRIES
LONDON BRADFORD

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

T. H. Pear.

F. C. Bartlett

J. T. MacCurdy

M. Collins

R. H. Thouless

. R. H. Thouless

J. M. Blackburn

S. F. Nadel

P. E. Vernon

C. J. C. Earl

A. Rodger

CHAPTER

A. I. Richards

S. F. Nadel

E. J. Lindgren

S. Clement Brown

O. A. Oeser

E. Farmer

A. F. Wells

M. Ginsberg

There is to-day widespread recognition of the fact that the future of human civilization depends to a high degree upon Mans capacity to understand the forces and factors which control his own behaviour. Such understanding must be achieved, not only as regards individual conduct, but equally as regards the mass phenomena resulting from group contacts, which are becoming increasingly intimate and influential. Everyone pays lip-service to the vital necessity for a vigorous development of social science Yet when ardent investigators, not satisfied by general exhortation and advice, ask, What shall we do? and How shall we do it?, few serious attempts are made to answer them. This lack of detailed guidance is perhaps least marked in economics and in the field of vital statistics; it is certainly most marked in the specifically human sciences of psychology, social anthropology, and sociology. Nowhere have these three sciences been properly mobilized to deal with the social problems which yearly grow more pressing.

In the summer of 1935 three members of the group responsible for this book met at Cambridge to discuss informally what steps could be taken to direct the application of the more reliable methods of psychology, anthropology, and sociology to a study of the problems of complex societies. Many plans were considered. Eventually it was decided to attempt to bring together a small number of psychologists, anthropologists, and sociologists who were known to be actively interested in the social implications of their respective fields of work.

It must be stated that no effort was made, then or later, to organize a large or completely representative group. The view adopted was that if genuine progress is to be achieved, free, frank, and exhaustive discussion and criticism are essential. Such a method can be adequately exploited only in a group small in numbers, all the members of which are closely interested in or engaged upon research in one of the branches of knowledge concerned.

The plan found a ready and eager response. A preliminary meeting was held in November, 1935, and the group has met for discussion twice a year since. From the beginning it was agreed that the first and most urgent need was for a survey of existing methods, contributions, and problems, which might help prospective laboratory and field workers in complex societies in much the same way as Notes and Queries on Anthropology, first published by the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1874, had assisted the field worker in anthropology. This was the idea which inspired the preparation of the present book.

The volume is addressed mainly to those who are engaged upon, or who wish to engage upon, social research, and who require to know what methods are already available, upon what established conclusions they may reasonably build, and what are some of the outstanding problems which might immediately repay further study. The employment of many of the methods described obviously demands specialized training. At the same time it is recognized that invaluable services can be rendered by persons who have had little opportunity to obtain technical instruction, and at various points in the book attempts have been made to indicate how the amateur investigator can best assist in the development of social studies.

Each chapter was first written by the group member whose name appears at its head. It was then duplicated and sent to all the other group members, so that it could be criticized and discussed at the next meeting of the group.1 Indeed, the bulk of the contributions have been considered, revised, re-considered, and revised again, sometimes being redrafted three or four times. The criticism has been free and often drastic, but mainly constructive. Every member of the group has played a part in this discussion, and the volume is thus, in a literal sense, a co-operative product. While it would be too much to say that each statement made and each proposal put forward would receive the unqualified assent of the whole group membership, the contributions in their final form represent views concerning which a very substantial amount of agreement has been achieved. It is not infrequently said that when psychologists, anthropologists, or sociologists meet, little but disagreement emerges. This book may be regarded as a practical rebuttal of such a charge.

An initial draft of the chapter on methods of assessing temperament was made by Dr. R. B. Cattell. Shortly afterwards, Dr. Cattell left this country to undertake work in America, and since it has been a principle of group procedure that alterations to contributions should be discussed directly between the author and the other group members, it was necessary to find another writer who could take over the task which Dr. Cattell had begun.

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