Peter J. Kitson - A Social and Economic History of Central European Jewry

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A SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF CENTRAL EUROPEAN JEWRY

A SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY OF CENTRAL EUROPEAN JEWRY

Edited byYehudaDon and VictorKarady

First published 1990 by Transaction Publishers

Published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

First issued in paperback 2020

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1990 Taylor & Francis.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 89-5217

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A Social and economic history of Central European Jewry / Yehuda Don and Victor Karady, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliograpical references. ISBN 0-88738-211-8 1. JewsHungaryHistory. 2. JewsAustriaViennaHistory. 3. HungaryEthnic relations. 4. Vienna (Austria)Ethnic relations. I. Don, Yehudah. Karady, Victor DS135.H9S57 1989 89-5217 943'.004924dc20 CIP

ISBN 13: 978-1-138-50729-6 (pbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-88738-211-6 (hbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9780429334535

CONTENTS

1. 1. The Identity of Post Emancipatory Hungarian Jewry Jacob Katz
2. 2. Central European Jewry Between East and West Nethaniel Katzburg
3. 3. The Jewish Position in Interwar Central Europe: A Structural Study of Jewry at Vienna, Budapest, and Prague William O. McCagg Jr.
4. 4. Demography and Social Mobility: Historical Problem Areas in the Study of Contemporary Jewry in Central Europe Victor Karady
5. 5. Patterns of Jewish Economic Behavior in Central Europe in the Twentieth Century Yehuda Don
6. 6. Why Was the Viennese Liberal Bildungsbgertum above all Jewish Steven Beller
7. 7. Jews among Vienna's Educated Middle Class Elements at the Turn of the Century Gary B. Cohen
8. 8. Orthodoxy and the Kultusgemeinde in Interwar Vienna Harriet Pass Freidenreich
9. 9. In Search of Identity: Slovakian Jewry and Nationalism 1918-1938 Yeshayahu A. Jelinek
10. 10. The Ethnic Composition of the Economic Elite in Hungary in the Interwar Period Gyrgy Lengyel
11. 11. Lawyers Against the Current Anti-Semitism and Liberal Response in Interwar Hungary Mria Kovcs

1. 1. The Identity of Post Emancipatory Hungarian Jewry
2. 2. Central European Jewry Between East and West
3. 3. The Jewish Position in Interwar Central Europe: A Structural Study of Jewry at Vienna, Budapest, and Prague
4. 4. Demography and Social Mobility: Historical Problem Areas in the Study of Contemporary Jewry in Central Europe
5. 5. Patterns of Jewish Economic Behavior in Central Europe in the Twentieth Century
6. 6. Why Was the Viennese Liberal Bildungsbgertum above all Jewish
7. 7. Jews among Vienna's Educated Middle Class Elements at the Turn of the Century
8. 8. Orthodoxy and the Kultusgemeinde in Interwar Vienna
9. 9. In Search of Identity: Slovakian Jewry and Nationalism 1918-1938
10. 10. The Ethnic Composition of the Economic Elite in Hungary in the Interwar Period
11. 11. Lawyers Against the Current Anti-Semitism and Liberal Response in Interwar Hungary

Guide

PREFACE

Social, and especially economic, history of the Jews in the Diaspora was, until the seminal work of S. Baron, a rarely pursued topic. The history of Jews in Central Europe, which was ruled until the end of World War I by the rather chaotic though fundamentally benevolent Habsburg Empire, was undoubtedly among the stepchildren of historical research. The social and economic history of the Jews in the Habsburg Empire has, thus, been an orphan, and historians more often that not overlooked this great and fascinating body of Jewish communities, which, despite their tremendous diversity, displayed many common features.

A conference convened in August 1986 in Paris aimed at redressing some of the grievances done to the history of Jews in Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. Eleven of the twelve studies in this volume are based on some of the papers presented in the conference in 1986. The conference was sponsored by Bar Ilan University in Israel, the Maison des Sciences de lHomme, and the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Science Sociales, both in Paris, and by the Center of Jewish Studies at Harvard University.

The publication of this volume was made possible by the generous support of the Schnitzer Foundation adjacent to Bar Ilan University and of the Maison des Science de lHomme. The editors express their sincere gratitude to both institutions.

Only those who have actually experienced the difficulties entailed in editing such a volume can realize what agony it takes to put together studies written by scholars in three continents. In this work we were graciously assisted by Dr. Michael Hoffmans skillful language editing, and by the patience of Gloria and Lynn in typing endless versions of the papers and their proofs.

It is our hope that this volume will stimulate research by historians and social scientists in this fascinating but rather neglected field of studies.

Yehuda Don Victor Karady, Editors

INTRODUCTION

DOI: 10.4324/9780429334535-1

The seventy-five years that passed between the historical compromise of 1867 in the Hapsburg Empire (the Ausgleich) and World War II were among the most fascinating chapters in the Jewish social and economic history in Central Europe. In 1910, the Jewish community of the Hapsburg Empire numbered over two and a quarter million, and was in size surpassed only by the Jewish community in the At the eve of World War I, the relative density of the Jews in the Empire was twice as high as their average density in Europe. Quantitatively, Jews had a profound role in the socioeconomic processes facing the Empire during the second half of the nineteenth century.

For students of Jewish economic history, the Hapsburg Empire offers an intriguing laboratory for testing out basic theories, due to the wide diversity of economic and demographic conditions it posed. Clearly, economic development differed vastly in the various provinces which comprised the Empire. Hungary, industrialization and economic development, together with the sociological concomitants of modernization, penetrated to the different provinces of the Empire at different tempos.

One general issue which arises in the face of this diversity is the relative degree to which change in the least developed provinces (such as

This issue of influence bears directly on inquiry into the social and economic history of the Jews in Austria Hungary. Jews lived in all provinces of the Empire, albeit in differing numbers. In some regions (e.g., Lower Austria, Croatia, Bosnia, and Hercegovina), they were a very small and insignificant minority. In other regions (such as Galicia, Subcarpathian Rus and the two major metropolitan centers of the Empire, Vienna, and Budapest), the Jews comprised a very substantial percentage of the population. In all regions, however, the Jewish population was exposed to the specific socioeconomic conditions that prevailed in that region, and reflected the level of development, the occupational composition and the standard of living of the region. Their occupational structure was decisively affected by the social and economic reality which prevailed in the region. These issues of regional diversity had equal bearing on standard of living and to issues of modernization as well as demographic behavior.

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